Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers

2011 Edition
| Editors: Vijay P. Singh, Pratap Singh, Umesh K. Haritashya

Circulation and Mixing in Ice-Covered Lakes

Reference work entry
First Online:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_607
How to cite

Definition

Circulation is the water movement and mixing is the dispersion of particles. The circulation, as well as the dispersion in ice-free lakes is mainly caused by the wind. When a lake is ice covered, the wind does not act on the water surface, and the water movements are much determined by thermal processes and by the vertical movement of the ice cover.

Introduction

Knowledge about circulation processes in lakes is essential when planning for the use of a lake for water supply or receiving waters. The conditions controlling the dynamics of ice-covered lakes are different from those of an ice-free lake. The ice cover prevents heat losses to the atmosphere and direct generation of wind mixing. As in ice-free lakes, a river running through a lake induces currents. In an ice-free lake, the dynamics are dominated by the directly induced wind mixing. There are also oscillations caused by set-up of the water surface by the wind. Such oscillations occur also in ice-covered lakes. The...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Bibliography

  1. Bengtsson, L., 1986. Dispersion in ice-covered lakes. Nordic Hydrology, 17(4), 151–170.Google Scholar
  2. Bengtsson, L., 1996. Mixing in ice covered lakes. Hydrobiologia, 322, 91–97.Google Scholar
  3. Bengtsson, L., Malm, J., Terzhevik, A., Petrov, M., Boyarinov, P., Glinsky, A., and Palshin, N., 1996. Field investigation of winter thermo- and hydrodynamics in a small Karelian lake. Limnology and Oceanography, 41, 1502–1513.Google Scholar
  4. Colman, J. A., and Armstrong, D. E., 1983. Horizontal Diffusivity in a Small, Ice-Covered Lake. Limnology and Oceanography, 28, 1020–1026.Google Scholar
  5. Jonas, T., Terzhevik, A. Y., Mironov, D. V., and Wuest, A., 2003. Radiatively driven convection in an ice-covered lake investigated by using temperature microstructure technique. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 3183.Google Scholar
  6. Kenney, B. B., 1996. Physical limnological processes under ice. Hydrobiologia, 322, 85–90.Google Scholar
  7. Malm, J., 1998. Bottom buoyancy layer in an ice-covered lake. Water Resources Research, 34(11), 2981–2993.Google Scholar
  8. Malm, J., 1999. Some properties of currents and mixing in a shallow ice-covered lake. Water Resources Research, 35(1), 221–232.Google Scholar
  9. Malm, J., Terzhevik, A., Bengtsson, L., Boyarinov, P., Glinsky, A., Palshin, N., and Petrov, M., 1997a. Temperature and salt content regimes in three shallow ice-covered lakes: 1 Temperature, salt content, and density structure. Nordic Hydrology, 28, 99–128.Google Scholar
  10. Malm, J., Terzhevik, A., Bengtsson, L., Boyarinov, P., Glinsky, A., Palshin, N., and Petrov, M., 1997b. Temperature and salt content regimes in three shallow ice-covered lakes: 2 Heat and mass fluxes. Nordic Hydrology, 28, 129–152.Google Scholar
  11. Malm, J., Terzhevik, A., Bengtsson, L., Boyarinov, P., Glinsky, A., Palshin, N., and Petrov, M., 1998. A field study on currents in a shallow ice-covered lake. Limnology and Oceanography, 43, 295–322.Google Scholar
  12. Matthews, P. C., and Heaney, I., 1987. Solar heating and its influence on mixing in ice-covered lakes. Freshwater Biology, 18, 135–149.Google Scholar
  13. Petrov, M. P., Terzhevik, A. Y., Zdorovennov, R. E., and Zdorovennova, G. E., 2006. The thermal structure of a shallow lake in early winter. Water Research, 33, 135–143.Google Scholar
  14. Stefanovic, D. L., and Stefan, H. G., 2002. Two-dimensional temperature and dissolved oxygen dynamics in the littoral region of an ice-covered lake. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 34, 159–178.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Water Resources EngineeringLund UniversityLundSweden