Skip to main content

Sinonasal Diseases in Children

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Book cover Pediatric Neuroradiology

Abstract

Pediatric sinonasal diseases encompass a huge variety of pathologies. First of all is to be familiarized with the complex anatomy and its normal pattern of development from birth to adolescence. There are several imaging techniques for evaluating inflammatory disorders, which are the main common, congenital malformations, and neoplastic entities. Cross-sectional imaging, with both CT and MRI, has changed our approach and understanding of the anatomy and pathology of sinonasal disorders. In this chapter, we describe the various imaging techniques available, and provide an overview of the diverse pathologies affecting the paranasal sinuses in children.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adil E, Huntley C, Choudhary A, Carr M. Congenital nasal obstruction: clinical and radiologic review. Eur J Pediatr. 2012;171:641–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ajose-Popoola O, Lin HW, Silvera VM, Teot LA, Madsen JR, Meara JG, Rahbar R. Nasal glioma: prenatal diagnosis and multidisciplinary surgical approach. Skull Base Rep. 2011;1:83–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Albernaz VS, Castillo M, Hudgins PA, Mukherjji SK. Imaging findings in patients with clinical anophthalmos. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1997;18:555–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allam KA, Wan DC, Kawamoto HK, Bradley JP, Sedano HO, Saied S. The spectrum of median craniofacial dysplasia. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;127:812–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Academy of Pediatrics, Subcommittee on Management of Sinusitis and Committee on Quality Improvement. Clinical management guideline: management of sinusitis. Pediatrics. 2001;108:798–808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anzai Y, Yueh B. Imaging evaluation of sinusitis: diagnostic performance and impact on health outcome. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2003;13:251–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aralasmak A, Aygun N, Westra WH, Yousem DM. Giant cell reparative granuloma of the sphenoid bone. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27:1675–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aribandi M, McCoy VA, Bazan 3rd C. Imaging features of invasive and noninvasive fungal sinusitis: a review. Radiographics. 2007;27:1283–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aslan S, Yilmazer C, Yildirim T, Akkuzu B, Yilmaz I. Comparison of nasal region dimensions in bilateral choanal atresia patients and normal controls: a computed tomographic analysis with clinical implications. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;73:329–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barkovich AJ, Vander Marck P, Edwards MSB, Cogen PH. Congenital nasal masses: CT and MR imaging features in 16 cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1991;12:105–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bass IS, Haller JO, Berdon WE, Barlow B, Carsen G, Khakoo Y. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: clinical and radiographic findings in children. Radiology. 1985;156:651–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bayonne E, Kania R, Tran P, Huy B, Herman P. Intracranial complications of rhinosinusitis. A review, typical imaging data and algorithm of management. Rhinology. 2009;47:59–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beale TJ, Madani G, Morley SJ. Imaging of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity: normal anatomy and clinically relevant anatomical variants. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2009;30:2–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beaman FD, Bancroft LW, Peterson JJ, Kransdorf MJ, Murphey MD, Menke DM. Imaging characteristics of cherubism. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;182:1051–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benko S, Fantes JA, Amiel J, Kleinjan DJ, Thomas S, Ramsay J, Jamshidi N, Essafi A, Heaney S, Gordon CT, McBride D, Golzio C, Fisher M, Perry P, Abadie V, Ayuso C, Holder-Espinasse M, Kilpatrick N, Lees MM, Picard A, Temple IK, Thomas P, Vazquez MP, Vekemans M, Roest Crollius H, Hastie ND, Munnich A, Etchevers HC, Pelet A, Farlie PG, Fitzpatrick DR, Lyonnet S. Highly conserved non-coding elements on either side of SOX9 associated with Pierre Robin sequence. Nat Genet. 2009;41:359–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bharti G, Groves L, Sanger C, Argenta LC. Congenital pyriform aperture stenosis. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2011;22:992–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharyya N. Do maxillary sinus retention cysts reflect obstructive sinus phenomena? Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;126:1369–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bisschoff IJ, Zeschnigk C, Horn D, Wellek B, Rieß A, Wessels M, Willems P, Jensen P, Busche A, Bekkebraten J, Chopra M, Hove HD, Evers C, Heimdal K, Kaiser AS, Kunstmann E, Robinson KL, Linné M, Martin P, McGrath J, Pradel W, Prescott KE, Roesler B, Rudolf G, Siebers-Renelt U, Tyshchenko N, Wieczorek D, Wolff G, Dobyns WB, Morris-Rosendahl DJ. Novel mutations including deletions of the entire OFD1 gene in 30 families with type 1 orofaciodigital syndrome: a study of the extensive clinical variability. Hum Mutat. 2013;34:237–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blount A, Riley KO, Woodworth BA. Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 2011;44:989–1004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bodner L, Bar-Ziv J. Radiographic features of central giant cell granuloma of the jaws in children. Pediatr Radiol. 1996;26:148–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brook I. Acute sinusitis in children. Pediatr Clin N Am. 2013;60:409–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brusati R, Donati V, Marelli S, Ferrari M. Management of a case of arhinia. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2009;62:e206–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cappabianca S, Colella G, Russo A, Pezzullo M, Reginelli A, Iaselli F, Rotondo A. Maxillofacial fibrous dysplasia: personal experience with gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Radiol Med. 2008;113:1198–210.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho Silva E, Carvalho Silva GC, Vieira TC. Cherubism: clinicoradiographic features, treatment, and long-term follow-up of 8 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;65:517–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castillo M. Congenital abnormalities of the nose: CT and MR findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994;162:1211–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castillo M, Mukherji SK. Imaging of facial anomalies. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 1995;25:169–88.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castillo M, Pillsbury 3rd HC. Rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear: imaging features in two children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1993;14:730–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cavel O, Quintal MC, Marcotte JÉ, Garel L, Froehlich P. Restricting indications for sinonasal computed tomography in children with cystic fibrosis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;139:54–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaaban MR, Walsh EM, Woodworth BA. Epidemiology and differential diagnosis of nasal polyps. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2013;27:473–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chakrabarti A, Denning DW, Ferguson BJ, Ponikau J, Buzina W, Kita H, Marple B, Panda N, Vlaminck S, Kauffmann-Lacroix C, Das A, Singh P, Taj-Aldeen SJ, Kantarcioglu AS, Handa KK, Gupta A, Thungabathra M, Shivaprakash MR, Bal A, Fothergill A, Radotra BD. Fungal rhinosinusitis: a categorization and definitional schema addressing current controversies. Laryngoscope. 2009;119:1809–18.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng J, Yu H, Wang D, Ye J, Jiang H, Wu Y, Shen G. Spontaneous malignant transformation in craniomaxillofacial fibrous dysplasia. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2013;24:141–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Ambrosio N, Lyo J, Young R, Haque S, Karimi S. Common and unusual craniofacial manifestations of metastatic neuroblastoma. Neuroradiology. 2010;52:549–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darmency-Stamboul V, Burglen L, Lopez E, Mejean N, Dean J, Franco B, Rodriguez D, Lacombe D, Desguerres I, Cormier-Daire V, Doray B, Pasquier L, Gonzales M, Pastore M, Crenshaw ML, Huet F, Gigot N, Aral B, Callier P, Faivre L, Attié-Bitach T, Thauvin-Robinet C. Detailed clinical, genetic and neuroimaging characterization of OFD VI syndrome. Eur J Med Genet. 2013;56:301–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Vuysere S, Hermans R, Marchal G. Sinochoanal polyp and its variant, the angiomatous polyp: MRI findings. Eur Radiol. 2001;11:55–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeKlotz TR, Kim HJ, Kelly M, Collins MT. Sinonasal disease in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and McCune-Albright Syndrome. Laryngoscope. 2013;123:823–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Demaerel P, Van Gool S. Paediatric neuroradiological aspects of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Neuroradiology. 2008;50:85–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeMyer W. The median cleft face syndrome: differential diagnosis of cranium bifidum occultum, hypertelorism, and median cleft nose, lip, and palate. Neurology. 1967;17:961–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeMyer W, Zeman W, Palmer CD. Familial alobar holoprosencephaly (arhinencephaly) with median cleft lip and palate. Report of patient with 46 chromosomes. Neurology. 1963;13:913–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devambez M, Delattre A, Fayoux P. Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis: diagnosis and management. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2009;46:262–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eggesbø HB. Radiological imaging of inflammatory lesions in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Eur Radiol. 2006;16:872–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eggesbø HB. Imaging of sinonasal tumours. Cancer Imaging. 2012;712:136–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eggesbø HB, Søvik S, Dølvik S, Kolmannskog F. CT characterization of inflammatory paranasal sinus disease in cystic fibrosis. Acta Radiol. 2002;43:21–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elluru RG, Vijayasekaran S. Congenital malformations of the nose and paranasal sinuses. In: Stucker FJ, De Souza C, Kenyon GS, Lian TS, Draf W, Schick B, editors. Rhinology and facial plastic surgery. Berlin: Springer; 2009. p. 123–38.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Esposito S, Principi N. Rhinosinusitis management in pediatrics: an overview. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2010;23(Suppl):53–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fatterpekar G, Mukherji S, Arbealez A, Maheshwari S, Castillo M. Fungal diseases of the paranasal sinuses. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 1999;20:391–401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fogh-Anderson P. Rare clefts of the face. Acta Chir Scand. 1965;129:275–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freling NJ, Merks JH, Saeed P, Balm AJ, Bras J, Pieters BR, Adam JA, van Rijn RR. Imaging findings in craniofacial childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. Pediatr Radiol. 2010;40:1723–38.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Frosini P, Picarella G, De Campora E. Antrochoanal polyp: analysis of 200 cases. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2009;29:21–6.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fusconi M, Conte M, Pagliarella M, De Vincentiis C, De Virgilio A, Benincasa AT, Alessi S, Gallo A. Fibrous dysplasia of the maxilla: diagnostic reliability of the study image. Literature review. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2013;74:364–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gabelmann A, Klein S, Kern W, Krüger S, Brambs HJ, Rieber-Brambs A, Pauls S. Relevant imaging findings of cerebral aspergillosis on MRI: a retrospective case-based study in immunocompromised patients. Eur J Neurol. 2007;14:548–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gnagi SH, Schraff SA. Nasal obstruction in newborns. Pediatr Clin N Am. 2013;60:903–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grzegorczyk V, Brasseur-Daudruy M, Labadie G, Cellier C, Verspyck E. Prenatal diagnosis of a nasal glioma. Pediatr Radiol. 2010;40:1706–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn JS, Barnes PD. Neuroimaging advances in holoprosencephaly: refining the spectrum of the midline malformation. Am J Med Genet C: Semin Med Genet. 2010;154C:120–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haider HR, Mayatepek E, Schaper J, Vogel M. Pott’s puffy tumor: a forgotten differential diagnosis of frontal swelling of the forehead. J Pediatr Surg. 2012;47:1919–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halewyck S, Louryan S, Van Der Veken P, Gordts F. Craniofacial embryology and postnatal development of relevant parts of the upper respiratory system. B-ENT. 2012;19(Suppl):5–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanifi B, Samil KS, Yasar C, Cengiz C, Ercan A, Ramazan D. Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia. Clin Imaging. 2013;37:1109–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hedlund G. Congenital frontonasal masses: developmental anatomy, malformations, and MR imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 2006;36:647–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill M, Bhattacharyya N, Hall TR, Lufkin R, Shapiro NL. Incidental paranasal sinus imaging abnormalities and the normal Lund score in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:171–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hourany R, Aygun N, Della Santina CC, Zinreich SJ. Silent sinus syndrome: an acquired condition. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26:2390–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurst RW, Judkins A, Bolger W, Chu A, Loevner LA. Mycotic aneurysm and cerebral infarction resulting from fungal sinusitis: imaging and pathologic correlation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22:858–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jain V, Sharma R. Radiographic, CT and MRI features of cherubism. Pediatr Radiol. 2006;36:1099–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson N, Windrim R, Chong K, Viero S, Thompson M, Blaser S. Prenatal diagnosis of solitary median maxillary central incisor syndrome by magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2008;32:120–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kakish KS, Mahafza T, Batieha A, Ekteish F, Daoud A. Clinical sinusitis in children attending primary care centers. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:1071–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kreiborg S, Cohen MM. Syndrome delineation and growth in orofacial clefting and craniosynostosis. In: Turvey TA, Vig KWL, Fonseca RJ, editors. Facial clefts and craniosynostosis. Principles and management. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1996. p. 57–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristo A, Alho OP, Luotonen J, Koivunen P, Tervonen O, Uhari M. Cross-sectional survey of paranasal sinus magnetic resonance imaging findings in schoolchildren. Acta Paediatr. 2003;92:34–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • La Barge 3rd DV, Salzman KL, Harnsberger HR, Ginsberg LE, Hamilton BE, Wiggins 3rd RH, Hudgins PA. Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease): imaging manifestations in the head and neck. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;191:299–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lachenal F, Cotton F, Desmurs-Clavel H, Haroche J, Taillia H, Magy N, Hamidou M, Salvatierra J, Piette JC, Vital-Durand D, Rousset H. Neurological manifestations and neuroradiological presentation of Erdheim-Chester disease: report of 6 cases and systematic review of the literature. J Neurol. 2006;253:1267–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lasjaunias P, Picard L, Manelfe C. Angiofibroma of the nasopharynx. J Neuroradiol. 1980;7:73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee YY, Van Tassel P, Nauert C, Raymond AK, Edeiken J. Craniofacial osteosarcomas: plain film, CT, and MR findings in 46 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988;150:1397–402.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JH, Lee MS, Lee BH, Choe DH, Do YS, Kim KH, Chin SY, Shim YS, Cho KJ. Rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck in adults: MR and CT findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996;17:1923–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee KS, Yang CC, Huang JK, Chen YC, Chang KC. Congenital pyriform aperture stenosis: surgery and evaluation with three-dimensional computed tomography. Laryngoscope. 2002;112:918–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee HJ, Im JG, Goo JM, Kim KW, Choi BI, Chang KH, Han JK, Han MH. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma: spectrum of imaging findings with clinical and pathologic features. Radiographics. 2003;23:7–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leo G, Triulzi F, Incorvaia C. Sinus imaging for diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis in children. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2012;12:136–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leopold DA, Stafford CT, Sod WW, Szeverenyi NM, Allison JD, Phipps RJ, Juhlin KD, Welch MB, Saunders C. Clinical course of acute maxillary sinusitis documented by sequential MRI scanning. Am J Rhinol. 1994;8:19–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levey EB, Stashinko E, Clegg NJ, Delgado MR. Management of children with holoprosencephaly. Am J Med Genet C: Semin Med Genet. 2010;154C:183–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lim WK, Ram B, Fasulakis S, Kane KJ. Incidental magnetic resonance image sinus abnormalities in asymptomatic Australian children. J Laryngol Otol. 2003;117:969–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lisle DA, Monsour PA, Maskiell CD. Imaging of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2008;52:325–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe LH, Booth TN, Joglar JM, Rollins NK. Midface anomalies in children. Radiographics. 2000;20:907–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lui YW, Dasari SB, Young RJ. Sphenoid masses in children: radiologic differential diagnosis with pathologic correlation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32:617–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald-Jankowski D. Fibrous dysplasia: a systematic review. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2009;38:196–215.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madani G, Beale TJ. Sinonasal inflammatory disease. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2009;30:17–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maes P, Brichard B, Vermylen C, Cornu G, Ninane J. Primary and secondary osteosarcoma of the face: a rare childhood malignancy. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1998;30:170–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mafee MF, Tran BH, Chapa AR. Imaging of rhinosinusitis and its complications: plain film, CT, and MRI. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2006;30:165–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manna F, Pensiero S, Clarich G, Guarneri GF, Parodi PC. Cleft lip and palate: current status from the literature and our experience. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2009;20:1383–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manning SC, Merkel M, Kriesel K, Vuitch F, Marple B. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance diagnosis of allergic fungal sinusitis. Laryngoscope. 1997a;107:170–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manning SC, Merkel M, Kriesel K, Vuitch F, Marple B. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance diagnosis of allergic fungal sinusitis. Laryngoscope. 1997b;107:170–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marchac D, Sati S, Renier D, Deschamps-Braly J, Marchac A. Hypertelorism correction: what happens with growth? Evaluation of a series of 95 surgical cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;129:713–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maresh MM, Washbum AH. Paranasal sinuses from birth to late adolescence. Am J Dis Child. 1940;60:841.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzola RF, Mazzola IC. Facial clefts and facial dysplasia: revisiting the classification. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2014;25:26–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McAlister WH, Parker BR, Kushner DC, Babcock DS, Cohen HL, Gelfand MJ, Hernandez RJ, Royal SA, Slovis TL, Smith WL, Strain JD, Strife JL, Kanda MB, Myer E, Decter RM, Moreland MS. Sinusitis in the pediatric population. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Radiology. 2000;215(Suppl):811–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meara DJ. Sinonasal disease and orbital cellulitis in children. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2012;24:487–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra S, Praveena NM, Panigrahi RG, Gupta YM. Imaging in the diagnosis of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. J Clin Imaging Sci. 2013;3(Suppl 1):1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Monson LA, Kirschner RE, Losee JE. Primary repair of cleft lip and nasal deformity. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;132:1040e–53e.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherji SK, Figueroa RE, Ginsberg LE, Zeifer BA, Marple BF, Alley JG, Cooper LL, Nemzek WR, Yousem DM, Jones KR, Kupferberg SB, Castillo M. Allergic fungal sinusitis: CT findings. Radiology. 1998;207:417–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naidich TP, Osborn RE, Bauer B, Naidich MJ. Median cleft face syndrome: MR and CT data from 11 children. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1988;12:57–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nicollas R, Rome A, Belaïch H, Roman S, Volk M, Gentet JC, Michel G, Triglia JM. Head and neck manifestation and prognosis of Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;74:669–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noh BW, Park SW, Chun JE, Kim JH, Kim HJ, Lim MK. Granulocytic sarcoma in the head and neck: CT and MR imaging findings. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;2:66–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen ØE, Gjelland K, Reigstad H, Rosendahl K. Congenital absence of the nose: a case report and literature review. Pediatr Radiol. 2001;31:225–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olze H, Matthias C, Degenhardt P. Paediatric paranasal sinus mucoceles. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2006;16:192–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osovsky M, Aizer-Danon A, Horev G, Sirota L. Congenital pyriform aperture stenosis. Pediatr Radiol. 2007;37:97–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer CR, Thomson HG. Congenital absence of the nose: a case report. Can J Surg. 1967;10:83–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel SC, Silbergleit R, Talati SJ. Sarcomas of the head and neck. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 1999;10:362–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piatt Jr JH. Intracranial suppuration complicating sinusitis among children: an epidemiological and clinical study. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2011;7:567–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poretti A, Brehmer U, Scheer I, Bernet V, Boltshauser E. Prenatal and neonatal MR imaging findings in oral-facial-digital syndrome type VI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29:1090–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prayer D, Grois N, Prosch H, Gadner H, Barkovich AJ. MR imaging presentation of intracranial disease associated with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25:880–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pruna X, Ibañez JM, Serres X, Garriga V, Barber I, Vera J. Antrochoanal polyps in children: CT findings and differential diagnosis. Eur Radiol. 2000;10:849–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy UD, Dev B. Pictorial essay: anatomical variations of paranasal sinuses on multidetector computed tomography – how does it help FESS surgeons? Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2012;22:317–24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reiser E1, Andlin-Sobocki A, Mani M, Holmström M. Initial size of cleft does not correlate with size and function of nasal airway in adults with unilateral cleft lip and palate. J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2011;45:129–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson JM, Friedman EM, Rubin BK. Nasal and sinus disease in cystic fibrosis. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2008;9:213–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saafan ME. Endoscopic management of congenital bilateral posterior choanal atresia: value of using stents. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;270:129–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sailer HF, Gratz KW. Surgical treatment of hypertelorism. In: Turvey TA, Vig KWL, Fonseca RJ, editors. Facial clefts and craniosynostosis. Principles and management. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1996. p. 686–713.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandner A, Surov A, Bach AG, Kösling S. Primary extranodal Non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the orbital and paranasal region-a retrospective study. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82:302–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanghvi S, Misra P, Patel NR, Kalyoussef E, Baredes S, Eloy JA. Incidence trends and long-term survival analysis of sinonasal rhabdomyosarcoma. Am J Otolaryngol. 2013;34:682–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenwolf G, editor. Larsen’s human embryology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedano HO, Cohen MM, Jirasek J, Gorlin RJ. Frontonasal dysplasia. J Pediatr. 1970;76:906–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Semb G, Shaw WC. Facial growth in orofacial clefting disorders. In: Turvey TA, Vig KWL, Fonseca RJ, editors. Facial clefts and craniosynostosis. Principles and management. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1996. p. 28–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon EM, Hevner RF, Pinter JD, Clegg NJ, Delgado M, Kinsman SL, Hahn JS, Barkovich AJ. The middle interhemispheric variant of holoprosencephaly. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23:151–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sloan GM, Shaw WC, Downey SE. Surgical management of velopharyngeal insufficiency: pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty. In: Turvey TA, Vig KWL, Fonseca RJ, editors. Facial clefts and craniosynostosis. Principles and management. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1996. p. 384–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith JK, Castillo M, Mukherji S, Buenting J, Drake A. Imaging of nasopharyngeal atresia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995;16:1936–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Som PM, Curtin HD, editors. Head and neck imaging. 5th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Som PM, Dillon WP, Curtin HD, Fullerton GD, Lidov M. Hypointense paranasal sinus foci: differential diagnosis with MR imaging and relation to CT findings. Radiology. 1990;176:777–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sperber GH, Sperber SM, Guttmann GD. Craniofacial embryogenetics and development. 2nd ed. Shelton: People’s Medical Publishing House; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stallman JS, Lobo JN, Som PM. The incidence of concha bullosa and its relationship to nasal septal deviation and paranasal sinus disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25:1613–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stambuk HE, Patel SG, Mosier KM, Wolden SL, Holodny AI. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: recognizing the radiographic features in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26:1575–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stella JP, Epker BN. Diagnosis of and treatment planning for facial assymetries. In: Turvey TA, Vig KWL, Fonseca RJ, editors. Facial clefts and craniosynostosis. Principles and management. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1996. p. 320–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stool SE, Vig KWL, Petrone JFA, Hymer B. Postnatal craniofacial growth and development. In: Bluestone CD, Stoll SE, Alper CM, Arjmand EM, Casselbrant ML, Dohar JE, Yellon RF, editors. Pediatric otolaryngology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2003. p. 22–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sulik KK. Craniofacial development. In: Turvey TA, Vig KWL, Fonseca RJ, editors. Facial clefts and craniosynostosis. Principles and management. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1996. p. 3–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tessier P. Orbital hypertelorism: I. Successive surgical attempts; materials and methods, causes and mechanisms. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1972;6:135–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tessier P. Anatomical classification of facial, cranio-facial, and laterofacial clefts. J Maxillofac Surg. 1976;4:69–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson CF, Kim BJ, Lai C, Grogan T, Elashoff D, St John MA, Wang MB. Sinonasal rhabdomyosarcoma: prognostic factors and treatment outcomes. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2013;3:678–83.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Triantafillidou K, Venetis G, Karakinaris G, Iordanidis F. Central giant cell granuloma of the jaws: a clinical study of 17 cases and a review of the literature. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2011;120:167–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Triulzi F, Zirpoli S. Imaging techniques in the diagnosis and management of rhinosinusitis in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2007;18(Suppl):46–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai ACH, Stool SE, Post JC. Phylogenetic aspects and embryology. In: Bluestone CD, Stoll SE, Alper CM, Arjmand EM, Casselbrant ML, Dohar JE, Yellon RF, editors. Pediatric otolaryngology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2003. p. 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turvey TA, Vig KWL, Fonseca RJ. Midface advancement and contouring in the presence of cleft lip and palate. In: Turvey TA, Vig KWL, Fonseca RJ, editors. Facial clefts and craniosynostosis. Principles and management. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1996. p. 441–503.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanzieleghem BD, Lemmerling MM, Vermeersch HF, Govaert P, Dhooge I, Meire F, Mortier GR, Leroy J, Kunnen MF. Imaging studies in the diagnostic workup of neonatal nasal obstruction. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2001;25:540–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez E, Enriquez G, Castellote A, Lucaya J, Creixell S, Aso C, Regas J. US, CT, and MR imaging of neck lesions in children. Radiographics. 1995;15:105–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vázquez E, Lucaya J, Castellote A, Piqueras J, Sainz P, Olivé T, Sánchez-Toledo J, Ortega JJ. Neuroimaging in pediatric leukemia and lymphoma: differential diagnosis. Radiographics. 2002;22:1411–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vázquez E, Creixell S, Carreño JC, Castellote A, Figueras C, Pumarola F, Poch JM, Lucaya J. Complicated acute pediatric bacterial sinusitis: imaging updated approach. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 2004;33:127–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vig KWL, Turvey TA, Fonseca RJ. Orthodontic and surgical considerations in bone grafting in the cleft maxilla and palate. In: Turvey TA, KWL V, Fonseca RJ, editors. Facial clefts and craniosynostosis. Principles and management. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1996. p. 396–440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Kalle T, Fabig-Moritz C, Heumann H, Winkler P. Incidental findings in paranasal sinuses and mastoid cells: a cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study in a pediatric radiology department. RöFo. 2012;184:629–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wald ER, Applegate KE, Bordley C, Darrow DH, Glode MP, Marcy SM, Nelson CE, Rosenfeld RM, Shaikh N, Smith MJ, Williams PV, Weinberg ST. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of acute bacterial sinusitis in children aged 1 to 18 years. Am Acad Pediatr. 2013;132:262–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang G1, Shan R, Zhao L, Zhu X, Zhang X. Fetal cleft lip with and without cleft palate: comparison between MR imaging and US for prenatal diagnosis. Eur J Radiol. 2011;79:437–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang YZ, Yang BT, Wang ZC, Song L, Xian JF. MR evaluation of sinonasal angiomatous polyp. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2012;33:767–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wani MK, Ruckenstein MJ, Parikh S. Magnetic resonance imaging of the paranasal sinuses: incidental abnormalities and their relationship to patient symptoms. J Otolaryngol. 2001;30:257–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weber AL, Rodriguez-DeVelasquez A, Lucarelli MJ, Cheng HM. Normal anatomy and lesions of the lacrimal sac and duct: evaluated by dacryocystography, computed tomography, and MR imaging. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 1996;6:199–217.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman JL, Tabor EK, Curtin HD. Sphenochoanal polyps: evaluation with CT and MR imaging. Radiology. 1991;178:145–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong RK, Vander Veen DK. Presentation and management of congenital dacryocystocele. Pediatrics. 2008;122:e1108–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong AM, Zimmerman RA, Simon EM, Pollock AN, Bilaniuk LT. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of subdural empyemas in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25:1016–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yen TT, Wang RC, Jiang RS, Chen SC, Wu SH, Liang KL. The diagnosis of sinonasal lymphoma: a challenge for rhinologists. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;269:1463–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshihara M1, Terajima M, Yanagita N, Hyakutake H, Kanomi R, Kitahara T, Takahashi I. Three-dimensional analysis of the pharyngeal airway morphology in growing Japanese girls with and without cleft lip and palate. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;141(4 Suppl):S92–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zagolski O, Dwivedi RC, Subramanian S, Kazi R. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the sino-nasal tract in children. J Cancer Res Ther. 2010;6:5–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeifer B. Pediatric sinonasal imaging: normal anatomy and inflammatory disease. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2000;10:137–59.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT. CT of primary and secondary craniocerebral neuroblastoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1980;135:1239–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zou J, Man F, Deng K, Zheng Y, Hao D, Xu W. CT and MR imaging findings of sinonasal angiomatous polyps. Eur J Radiol. 2014;83:545–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Angel Sanchez-Montanez .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany

About this entry

Cite this entry

Sanchez-Montanez, A., Vazquez, E., Castillo, M. (2017). Sinonasal Diseases in Children. In: Rossi, A. (eds) Pediatric Neuroradiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46258-4_64-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46258-4_64-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-46258-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-46258-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics