Perovskite-type membranes have good electron conductivity and oxygen permeability. They have potential applications for oxygen separation from air or oxygen-containing gas mixtures as well as membrane reactors for partial oxidative reactions. Due to mixed-oxygen ion-electron conducting properties, ceramic membranes made of such materials are permeable to oxygen at elevated temperature without the need for outside electrical circuitry for electron transportation, which is necessary in traditional oxygen pumps.

The traditional methods to synthesize perovskite powder are citrate, solid-state, and coprecipitation method (Qi et al. 2000). They are illustrated in Fig. 1a–c.

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