Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Handbook of Cliometrics pp 1–32Cite as

Cliometric Approaches to International Trade

Abstract

This chapter gives a broad overview of the literature on the cliometrics of international trade and market integration. We start by motivating this by looking at the lessons from economic theory, and in particular through the work which considers the effect of trade, openness, and trade policy on growth. Here theory, as well as empirical results, suggests no clear cut relationship and point to the richness of historical experiences. We then turn to the issue of how to quantify trade and market integration. The former usually relies on customs records, and the latter on the availability of prices in different markets. We then go one step back and look at the determinants of trade, usually tested within the framework of the gravity equation, and discuss what factors were behind periods of trade increases and declines, and of market integration and disintegration. Finally, as one of the most important determinants of trade, and perhaps the most policy relevant, we include a separate section on trade policy: we both consider the difficulties of constructing a simple quantitative measure, and look at what might explain it.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Notes

  1. 1.

    We ignore the sizeable literature on domestic market integration here, even though it obviously has a bearing on international trade, and the literature has contributed much to the methodological debate.

  2. 2.

    See the useful discussion on this in Persson (2004).

  3. 3.

    This definition is not uncontroversial. De Vries (2010) distinguishes between soft globalization, which encompasses many things, and might well be applied to the changed trading world after 1500, and hard globalization, or “globalization as outcome,” for example, market integration.

  4. 4.

    See, for example, the comparative account of sources and knowledge on Spanish and British colonial trade as a subset of total foreign trade in Cuenca-Esteban (2008), work on Spanish cotton imports in the eighteenth century by Thomson (2008), and the export series for the British American colonies reconstructed by Mancall et al. (2008, 2013).

  5. 5.

    Following Cournot (1838)

  6. 6.

    See, for example, Obstfeld and Taylor (1997), Jacks (2005, 2006a, b).

  7. 7.

    See, for example, Chartres (1995), Ljungberg (1996), Peña and Sánchez-Albornoz (1984), and Bessler (1990).

  8. 8.

    See, for example, Shiue and Keller (2007), Persson (1999), and Bateman (2011).

  9. 9.

    See the recent paper by Hynes et al (2012).

  10. 10.

    The effect of wars is also taken up by Jacks (2011), who looks at England during the French Wars to examine the effect of war on market integration and finds that it was mostly through the disruption of international trade linkages and the arrival of news regarding wartime events. This finding is supported by Brunt and Cannon (2014).

  11. 11.

    Their methodology makes use of the residual dispersion of univariate models of relative prices between markets.

  12. 12.

    Analyses of markets outside Europe have generally been neglected, but see the recent study by Panza (2013). With a particular focus on the cotton industry, she shows that the Near East integrated into the global economy at the end of the nineteenth century.

References

  • Accominotti O, Flandreau M (2008) Bilateral treaties and the most-favored-nation clause: the myth of trade liberalization in the nineteenth century. World Polit 60(2):147–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Acemoglu D, Johnson S, Robinson JA (2005) The rise of Europe: Atlantic trade, institutional change and economic growth. Am Econ Rev 95(3):546–579

    Google Scholar 

  • Aidt T, Jensen PS (2009) Tax structure, size of government, and the extension of the voting franchise in western Europe, 1860–1938. Int Tax Public Finan 16(3):362–394

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen RC (2003) Poverty and progress in early modern Europe. Econ Hist Rev 56:403–443

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen RC (2011) Why the industrial revolution was British: commerce, induced invention, and the scientific revolution. Econ Hist Rev 64(2):357–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JE, Neary JP (2005) Measuring the restrictiveness of international trade policy. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JE, van Wincoop E (2003) Gravity with gravitas: a solution to the border puzzle. Am Econ Rev 93(1):170–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson K, Kurzweil M, Martin W, Sandri D, Valenzuela E (2008) Measuring distortions to agricultural incentives, revisited. World Trade Rev 7:4

    Google Scholar 

  • Athukorala PC, Chand S (2007) Tariff-growth nexus in the Australian economy, 1870–2002: Is there a paradox?. Australian National University, Arndt-Corden Department of Economics working papers 2007–2008

    Google Scholar 

  • Baier SL, Bergstrand JH (2004) Economic determinants of free trade agreements. J Int Econ 64(1):29–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Bairoch P (1972) Free trade and European economic development in the 19th century. Eur Econ Rev 3:211–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Bairoch P (1973) European foreign trade in the XIX century: the development of the value and volume of exports (preliminary results). J Eur Econ Hist 2:5–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Bairoch P (1974) Geographical structure and trade balance of European foreign trade from 1800 to 1970. J Eur Econ Hist 3:557–608

    Google Scholar 

  • Bairoch P (1976) Commerce extérieur et développement économique de l’Europe au XIXe siècle. Mouton, Paris/La Haye

    Google Scholar 

  • Bairoch P (1989) European trade policy, 1815–1914. In: Peter M, Pollard S (eds) The industrial economies: the development of economic and social policies, vol VIII, The Cambridge economic history of Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Bajo Rubio O (2012) The balance-of-payments constraint on economic growth in a long-term perspective: Spain, 1850–2000. Explor Econ Hist 49(1):105–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Balassa B (1965) Tariff protection in industrial countries: an evaluation. J Polit Econ 73:573–594

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin RE (1995) A domino theory of regionalism. In: Baldwin RE, Haaparanta P, Kiander J (eds) Expanding membership of the European Union. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 25–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbieri K, Keshk O (2012) Correlates of war project trade data set codebook, version 3.0. http://correlatesofwar.org

  • Barbieri K, Keshk O, Pollins B (2009) Trading data: evaluating our assumptions and coding rules. Confl Manag Peace Sci 26(5):471–495

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateman VN (2011) The evolution of markets in early modern Europe, 1350–1800: a study of wheat prices. Econ Hist Rev 64(2):447–471

    Google Scholar 

  • Beatty EN (2000) The impact of foreign trade on the Mexican economy: terms of trade and the rise of industry, 1880–1923. J Latin Am Stud 32(2):399–433

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaulieu E, Cherniwchan J (2014) Tariff structure, trade expansion, and Canadian protectionism, 1870–1910. Can J Econ 47(1):144–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernhofen DM, Brown JC (2004) A direct test of the theory of comparative advantage: the case of Japan. J Polit Econ 112:48–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernhofen DM, Brown JC (2005) An empirical assessment of the comparative advantage gains from trade: evidence from Japan. Am Econ Rev 95:208–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernhofen DM, Brown JC (2011) Testing the general validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem: the natural experiment of Japan. CESifo working paper 3586

    Google Scholar 

  • Bessler DA (1990) A note on Chinese rice prices: interior markets, 1928–1931. Explor Econ Hist 27:287–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Blattman C, Clemens MA, Williamson JG (2002) Who protected and why? Tariffs around the world around 1870–1913. Paper presented the conference on the political economy of globalization. Trinity College Dublin, August 2002, http://scholar.harvard.edu/jwilliamson/publications/who-protected-and-why-tariffs-world-around-1870-1938

  • Blattman C, Hwang J, Williamson JG (2007) The impact of the terms of trade on economic development in the periphery, 1870–1939. J Dev Econ 82:156–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohlin J (2005) Tariff protection in Sweden, 1885–1914. Scand Econ Hist Rev 53(2):7–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohlin J (2007) Structural change in the Swedish economy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century – the role of import substitution and export demand. Göteborg papers in economic history 8

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohlin J (2009) The income distributional consequences of agrarian tariffs in Sweden on the eve of World War I. Eur Rev Econ Hist 14:1–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohlin J, Larsson S (2007) The Swedish wage-rental ratio and its determinants, 1877–1926. Aust Econ Hist Rev 47(1):49–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Boshoff WH, Fourie J (2010) The significance of the Cape trade route to economic activity in the Cape Colony: a medium-term business cycle analysis. Eur Rev Econ Hist 14:469–503

    Google Scholar 

  • Broadberry S, Crafts N (2010) Openness, protectionism and Britain’s productivity performance over the long-run. Centre for Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy working paper 36

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunt L, Cannon E (2013) The truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth: the English Corn Returns as a data source in economic history, 1770–1914. Eur Rev Econ Hist 17(3):318–339

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunt L, Cannon E (2014) Measuring integration in the English wheat market, 1770–1820: new methods, new answers. Explor Econ Hist 52:111–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Carreras-Marín A (2012) The international textile trade in 1913: the role of intra-European flows. Rev Hist Ind 49(2):55–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Carreras-Marín A, Badia-Miró M (2008) La fiabilidad de la asignación geográfica en las estadísticas de comercio exterior: América Latina y el Caribe (1908–1930). Rev Hist Econ 26(3):355–374

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan KS (2008) Foreign trade, commercial policies and the political economy of the Song and Ming dynasties of China. Aust Econ Hist Rev 48(1):68–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Chartres JA (1995) Market integration and agricultural output in seventeenth-, eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century England. Agric Hist Rev 43:117–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Chilosi D, Murphy TE, Studer R, Coşkun Tunçer A (2013) Europe’s many integrations: geography and grain markets, 1620–1913. Explor Econ Hist 50:46–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark G, O’Rourke KH, Taylor AM (2014) The growing dependence of Britain on trade during the industrial revolution. Scandinavian Economic History Review 62(2): 109–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemens MA, Williamson JG (2004) Why did the tariff-growth correlation reverse after 1950? J Econ Growth 9:5–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemens MA, Williamson JG (2012) Why were Latin American tariffs so much higher than Asia’s before 1950? Rev Hist Econ 30(1):11–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Clingingsmith D, Williamson JG (2008) De-industrialization in 18th and 19th Century India: Mughal decline, climate shocks and British industrial ascent. Explor Econ Hist 45(3):209–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Coe DT, Helpman E (1995) International R&D spillovers. Eur Econ Rev 39(5):859–887

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins WJ, O’Rourke KH, Williamson JG (1999) Were trade and factor mobility substitutes in history? In: Faini R, de Melo J, Zimmermann K (eds) Migration: the controversies and the evidence. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 227–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Cournot A (1838) Recherches sur les principles mathematiques de la theorie des richessesses. L. Hachette, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Coutain B (2009) The unconditional most-favored-nation clause and the maintenance of the liberal trade regime in the postwar 1870s. Int Organ 63(1):139–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuenca-Esteban J (2008) Statistics of Spain’s colonial trade, 1747–1820: new estimates and comparisons with Great Britain. Rev Hist Econ 26(3):323–354

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vries J (2010) The limits of globalization in the early modern world. Econ Hist Rev 63(3):710–733

    Google Scholar 

  • Debowicz D, Segal P (2014) Structural change in Argentina, 1935–1960: the role of import substitution and factor endowments. J Econ Hist 74(1):230–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Deu E, Llonch M (2013) Autarquía y atraso tecnológico en la industria textil española, 1939–1959. Invest Hist Econ 9:11–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobado González R, Gómez Galvarriato A, Williamson JG (2008) Mexican exceptionalism: globalization and de-industrialization, 1750–1877. J Econ Hist 68(3):758–811

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobado-González R, García-Hiernaux A, Guerrero DE (2012) The integration of grain markets in the eighteenth century: early rise of globalization in the west. J Econ Hist 72(3):671–707

    Google Scholar 

  • Don Y (1968) Comparability of international trade statistics: Great Britain and Austria-Hungary before World War I. Econ Hist Rev 21:78–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Draper N (2008) The city of London and slavery: evidence from the first dock companies, 1795–1800. Econ Hist Rev 61(2):432–466

    Google Scholar 

  • Eichengreen B, Irwin DA (1995) Trade blocs, currency blocs, and the reorientation of world trade in the 1930s. J Int Econ 38:1–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Eichengreen B, Irwin DA (2010) The slide to protectionism in the great depression: who succumbed and why? J Econ Hist 70(4):871–897

    Google Scholar 

  • Ejrnæs M, Persson KG (2010) The gains from improved market efficiency: trade before and after the transatlantic telegraph. Eur Rev Econ Hist 14:361–381

    Google Scholar 

  • Ejrnæs M, Persson KG, Rich S (2008) Feeding the British: convergence and market efficiency in the nineteenth-century grain trade. Econ Hist Rev 61(S1):140–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Estevadeordal A (1997) Measuring protection in the early twentieth century. Eur Rev Econ Hist 1:89–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Estevadeordal A, Taylor AM (2002) A century of missing trade? Am Econ Rev 92(1):383–393

    Google Scholar 

  • Estevadeordal A, Frantz B, Taylor AM (2003) The rise and fall of world trade, 1870–1939. Q J Econ 118(2):359–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Federico G (2011) When did European markets integrate? Eur Rev Econ Hist 15:93–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Federico G (2012a) How much do we know about market integration in Europe? Econ Hist Rev 65(2):470–497

    Google Scholar 

  • Federico G (2012b) The Corn Laws in continental perspective. Eur Rev Econ Hist 16:166–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Federico G, Persson KG (2007) Market integration and convergence in the world wheat market, 1800–2000. In: Hatton TJ, O’Rourke KH, Taylor AM (eds) The new comparative economic history: essays in honor of Jeffrey G. Williamson. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 87–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Federico G, Tena A (1991) On the accuracy of foreign trade statistics (1909–1935): Morgenstern revisited. Explor Econ Hist 28:259–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Federico G, Tena A (1998) Was Italy a protectionist country? Eur Rev Econ Hist 2:73–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Federico G, Tena A (1999) Did trade policy foster Italian industrialization? Evidence from effective protection rates 1870–1913. Res Econ Hist 19:111–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Federico G, Tena-Junguito A (2013) World trade 1800–1938. Paper presented at the international conference on Trade policies in Europe in the long nineteenth century, University of Bordeaux, March 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • Federico G, Vasta M (2012) Was industrialization an escape from the commodity lottery? Evidence from Italy, 1861–1939. Explor Econ Hist 47:228–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Federico G, Wolf N (2013) A long-run perspective on comparative advantage. In: Toniolo G (ed) The Oxford handbook of the Italian economy since unification. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 327–350

    Google Scholar 

  • Federico G, Natoli S, Tattara G, Vasta M (2012) Il commercio estero italiano 1861–1939. Laterza, Bari

    Google Scholar 

  • Feenstra RC (1995) Estimating the effects of trade policy. In: Grossman GM, Rogoff K (eds) Handbook of international economics, vol 3. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1553–1595

    Google Scholar 

  • Flandreau M (2000) The economics and politics of monetary unions: a reassessment of the Latin Monetary Union, 1865–1871. Financ Hist Rev 7:25–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Flandreau M, Morel M (2005) Monetary union, trade integration, and business cycles in 19th century Europe. Open Econ Rev 16:135–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Folchi M, Rubio M d M (2012) On the accuracy of Latin American trade statistics: a non-parametric test for 1925. In: Yañez C, Carreras A (eds) The economies of Latin America: new cliometric data, perspectives. Pickering & Chatto, London, pp 67–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Foreman-Peck J (1995) A model of later nineteenth-century European economic development. Rev Hist Econ 13:441–471

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankel J, Romer D (1999) Does trade cause growth? Am Econ Rev 89:379–399

    Google Scholar 

  • Glick R, Taylor AM (2010) Collateral damage: trade disruption and the economic impact of war. Rev Econ Stat 92(1):102–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Gowa J, Hicks R (2013) Politics, institutions and trade: lessons of the interwar era. Int Organ 67(3):439–467

    Google Scholar 

  • Greasley D, Oxley L (2009) The pastoral boom, the rural land market, and long swings in New Zealand economic growth, 1873–1979. Econ Hist Rev 62(2):324–349

    Google Scholar 

  • Guerrero de Lizardi C (2006) Thirwall’s law with an emphasis on the ratio of export/income elasticities in Latin American economies during the twentieth centuries. Estudios Econ 26:23–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadass YS, Williamson JG (2003) Terms-of-trade shocks and economic performance, 1870–1940: Prebisch and Singer revisited. Econ Dev Cult Change 51(3):629–656

    Google Scholar 

  • Harley CK (1980) Transportation, the world wheat trade, and the Kuznets Cycle, 1850–1913. Explor Econ Hist 17:218–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Harley CK (2004) Trade: discovery, mercantilism and technology. In: Roderick F, Paul J (eds) Industrialisation, 1700–1860, vol I, The Cambridge economic history of modern Britain. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 175–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey DI, Kellard NM, Madsen JB, Wohar ME (2010) The Prebisch-Singer hypothesis: four centuries of evidence. Rev Econ Stat 92(2):367–377

    Google Scholar 

  • Head K (1994) Infant industry protection in the steel rail industry. J Int Econ 37:141–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Head K, Mayer T (2013) Gravity equations: workhorse, toolkit, and cookbook. CEPII working paper 2013–2027

    Google Scholar 

  • Head K, Mayer T, Ries J (2010) The erosion of colonial linkages after independence. J Int Econ 81:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Heckscher E (1919) The effects of foreign trade on the distribution of income. Ekonomisk Tidskrift 21:497–512

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinemeyer HC (2007) The treatment effect of borders on trade. The great war and the disintegration of Central Europe. Cliometrica 1:177–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Henriksen I, Lampe M, Sharp P (2012) The strange birth of liberal Denmark: Danish trade protection and the growth of the dairy industry since the mid-nineteenth century. Econ Hist Rev 65(2):770–788

    Google Scholar 

  • Hora R (2012) La evolución del sector agroexportador argentino en el largo plazo, 1880–2010. Hist Agraria 58:145–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Horlings E (2002) The international trade of a small and open economy. Revised estimates of the imports and exports of Belgium, 1835–1990. NEHA-Jaarboek 65:110–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Huberman M, Meissner CM (2010) Riding the wave of trade: the rise of labor regulation in the golden age of globalization. J Econ Hist 70(3):657–685

    Google Scholar 

  • Huff G, Angeles L (2011) Globalization, industrialization and urbanization in Pre-World-War II Southeast Asia. Explor Econ Hist 48:20–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Hynes W, Jacks DS, O’Rourke KH (2012) Commodity market disintegration in the interwar period. Eur Rev Econ Hist 16:119–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Inikori JE (2002) Africans and the industrial revolution in England: a study in international trade and economic development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Inwood K, Keay I (2013) Trade policy and industrial development: iron and steel in a small open economy, 1870–1913. Can J Econ 46(4):1265–1294

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin DA (2000) Did late nineteenth century U.S. tariffs promote infant industries? Evidence from the tinplate industry. J Econ Hist 60:335–360

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin DA (2002) Interpreting the tariff-growth correlation of the late nineteenth century. Am Econ Rev (P&P) 91(2):165–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin DA (2003) The optimal tax on antebellum cotton exports. J Int Econ 60:275–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin DA (2005) The welfare cost of autarky: evidence from the Jeffersonian trade embargo, 1807–09. Rev Int Econ 13(4):631–645

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin DA (2007) Tariff incidence in America’s Gilded Age. J Econ Hist 67(3):582–607

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin DA (2008) Antebellum tariff politics: regional coalitions and shifting economic interests. J Law Econ 51(4):715–741

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin DA (2010) Trade restrictiveness and deadweight losses from US tariffs. Am Econ J Econ Policy 2:111–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin DA, Temin P (2001) The antebellum tariff on cotton textiles revisited. J Econ Hist 61:777–798

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin DA, Terviö M (2002) Does trade raise income? Evidence from the twentieth century. J Int Econ 58:1–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Isserlis L (1938) Tramp shipping cargoes and freights. J Royal Stat Soc 101(1):53–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacks DS (2005) Intra- and international commodity market integration in the Atlantic economy, 1800–1913. Explor Econ Hist 42:381–413

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacks DS (2006a) What drove 19th century commodity market integration? Explor Econ Hist 43:383–412

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacks DS (2006b) New results on the tariff-growth paradox. Eur Rev Econ Hist 10(2):205–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacks DS (2011) Foreign wars, domestic markets: England, 1793–1815. Eur Rev Econ Hist 15:277–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacks DS (2014) Defying Gravity: The 1932 Imperial Economic Conference and the Reorientation of Canadian Trade. Explorations in Economic History 53:19–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacks DS, Pendakur K (2010) Global trade and the maritime transport revolution. Rev Econ Stat 92(4):745–755

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacks DS, Meissner CM, Novy D (2008) Trade costs, 1870–2000. Am Econ Rev (P&P) 98(2):529–534

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacks DS, Meissner CM, Novy D (2010) Trade costs in the first wave of globalization. Explor Econ Hist 47(2):127–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacks DS, Meissner CM, Novy D (2011) Trade booms, trade busts, and trade costs. J Int Econ 83(2):185–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacks DS, O’Rourke KH, Williamson JG (2011b) Commodity price volatility and world market integration since 1700. Rev Econ Stat 93(3):800–813

    Google Scholar 

  • Kauppila J (2008) Impact of tariffs on industries and prices in Finland during the interwar period. Scand Econ Hist Rev 56(3):176–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Kauppila J (2009) Quantifying the relative importance of export industries in a small open economy during the great depression of the 1930s: an input-output approach. Cliometrica 3:245–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Kee HL, Nicita A, Olarreaga M (2008) Import demand elasticities and trade distortions. Rev Econ Stat 90(4):666–682

    Google Scholar 

  • Kee HL, Nicita A, Olarreaga M (2009) Estimating trade restrictiveness indices. Econ J 119:172–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller W, Li B, Shiue CH (2011) China’s foreign trade: perspectives from the past 150 years. World Econ 34(6):853–892

    Google Scholar 

  • Kindleberger CP (1975) The rise of free trade in Western Europe, 1820–1875. J Econ Hist 45(1):20–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Klasing M, Milionis P (2014) Quantifying the evolution of world trade, 1870–1949. J Int Econ 92(2014):185–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Krugman PR (1979) Increasing returns, monopolistic competition, and international trade. J Int Econ 9(4):469–479

    Google Scholar 

  • Lameli A, Nitsch V, Südekum J, Wolf N (2014) Same but different: dialects and trade. German Econ Rev doi: 10.1111/geer.12047

    Google Scholar 

  • Lampe M (2008) Bilateral trade flows in Europe, 1857–1875: a new dataset. Res Econ Hist 26:81–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Lampe M (2009) Effects of bilateralism and the MFN clause on international trade: evidence for the Cobden-Chevalier network, 1860–1875. J Econ Hist 69(4):1012–1040

    Google Scholar 

  • Lampe M (2011) Explaining nineteenth-century bilateralism: economic and political determinants of the Cobden-Chevalier network. Econ Hist Rev 64(2):644–668

    Google Scholar 

  • Lampe M, Sharp P (2011) Something rational in the state of Denmark? The case of an outsider in the Cobden-Chevalier network, 1860–1875. Scand Econ Hist Rev 59(2):128–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Lampe M, Sharp P (2013) Tariffs and income: a time series analysis for 24 countries. Cliometrica 7:207–235

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazer D (1999) The free trade epidemic of the 1860s and other outbreaks of economic discrimination. World Polit 51(4):447–483

    Google Scholar 

  • Leamer EE (1988) Measures of openness. In: Baldwin RE (ed) Trade policy issues and empirical analysis. Chicago University Press, Chicago, pp 147–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann SH (2010) The German elections in the 1870s: why Germany turned from liberalism to protectionism. J Econ Hist 70(1):146–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann SH, O’Rourke KH (2011) The structure of protection and growth in the late nineteenth century. Rev Econ Stat 93(2):606–616

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann S, Volckart O (2011) The political economy of agricultural protection: Sweden 1887. Eur Rev Econ Hist 15(1):29–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Leontieff WW (1953) Domestic production and foreign trade: the American capital position re-examined. Proc Am Philos Soc 97(4):332–349

    Google Scholar 

  • Lew B, Cater B (2006) The telegraph, co-ordination of tramp shipping, and growth in world trade, 1870–1910. Eur Rev Econ Hist 10(2):147–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis A (1981) The rate of growth of world trade. In: Grassman S, Lundberg E (eds) The world economic order. Past and prospects. Macmillan, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin J (1995) The Needham puzzle: why the industrial revolution did not originate in China. Econ Dev Cult Change 43(2):269–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindblad JT, van Zanden JL (1989) De buitenlandse handel van Nederland, 1872–1913. Econ Soc Hist Jaarboek 52:231–269

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu D, Meissner CM (2013) Market potential and the rise of US productivity leadership. NBER working papers 18819

    Google Scholar 

  • Ljungberg J (1996) European market integration and the behaviour of prices, 1850–1914. Lund papers in economic history, 54

    Google Scholar 

  • Ljungberg J, Schön L (2013) Domestic markets and international integration: paths to industrialization in the Nordic countries. Scand Econ Hist Rev 61(2):101–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd P (2008) 100 years of tariff protection in Australia. Aust Econ Hist Rev 48(2):99–145

    Google Scholar 

  • López-Córdova JE, Meissner CM (2003) Exchange-rate regimes and international trade: evidence from the classical gold standard era. Am Econ Rev 93(1):344–353

    Google Scholar 

  • López-Córdova JE, Meissner CM (2008) The impact of international trade on democracy. A long-run perspective. World Polit 60:539–575

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddison A (1962) Growth and fluctuation in the world economy 1870–1960. Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Q Rev 15(61): 127–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddison A (2001) The world economy I: a millennial perspective. OECD, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Madsen JB (2001) Trade barriers and the collapse of world trade during the Great Depression. Southern Econ J 67(4):848–868

    Google Scholar 

  • Madsen JB (2007) Technology spillover through trade and TFP convergence: 135 years of evidence from OECD countries. J Int Econ 72:464–480

    Google Scholar 

  • Madsen JB (2009) Trade barriers, openness, and economic growth. Southern Econ J 76:397–418

    Google Scholar 

  • Mancall PC, Rosenbloom JL, Weiss T (2008) Exports and the economy of the lower south region, 1720–1772. Res Econ Hist 25:1–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Mancall PC, Rosenbloom JL, Weiss T (2013) Exports from the colonies and states of the middle Atlantic region 1720–1800. Res Econ Hist 29:257–305

    Google Scholar 

  • Martínez Ruiz E (2008) Autarkic policy and efficiency in the Spanish industrial sector. An estimate of domestic resource costs in 1958. Rev Hist Econ 26(3):439–470

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsuyama K (1992) Agricultural productivity, comparative advantage, and economic growth. J Econ Theory 58:317–334

    Google Scholar 

  • McCloskey DN (2010) Bourgeois dignity. Why economics can’t explain the modern world. Chicago University Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • McKeown TJ (1983) Hegemonic stability theory and 19th century tariff levels in Europe. Int Organ 37(1):73–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Meissner CM (2014) Growth from globalization? A view from the very long run. In: Aghion P, Durlauf SN (eds) Handbook of economic growth, vol 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1033–1069

    Google Scholar 

  • Metzler J (1974) Railroad development and market integration: the case of Tsarist Russia. J Econ Hist XXXIV:529–549

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchener KJ, Weidenmier M (2008) Trade and empire. Econ J 118:1805–1834

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohammed SIS, Williamson JG (2004) Freight rates and productivity gains in British tramp shipping, 1869–1950. Explor Econ Hist 41(2):172–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Mokyr J (2009) The enlightened economy: an economic history of Britain, 1700–1850. Yale University Press, New Haven/London

    Google Scholar 

  • Montañés Primicia E (2006) Reformas arancelarias y comercio exterior de trigo en España: El fin de la prohibición de importar trigo (1849–1869). Invest Hist Econ 6:73–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgenstern O (1963) On the accuracy of economic observations, 2nd edn. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • North DC, Thomas RP (1973) The rise of the Western world. A new economic history. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunn N (2008) The long-term effects of Africa’s slave trades. Q J Econ 123(1):139–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunn N, Puga D (2012) Ruggedness: the blessing of bad geography in Africa. Rev Econ Stat 94(1):20–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Nye JVC (1991) Revisionist tariff history and the theory of hegemonic stability. Polit Soc 19(2):209–232

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien P (1982) European economic development: the contribution of the periphery. Econ Hist Rev New Series 35(1):1–18

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke KH (1997) The European grain invasion, 1870–1913. J Econ Hist 57(4):775–801

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke KH (2000) Tariffs and growth in the late 19th century. Econ J 110:456–483

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke KH (2006) The worldwide economic impact of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1793–1815. J Global Hist 1:123–149

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke KH, Lehmann S (2011) The structure of protection and growth in the late nineteenth century. Rev Econ Stat 93(2):606–616

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke KH, Taylor AM (2007) Democracy and protectionism. In: Hatton TJ, O’Rourke KH, Taylor AM (eds) The new comparative economic history: essays in honor of Jeffrey G. Williamson. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 193–216

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke KH, Williamson JG (1994) Late 19th century Anglo-American factor price convergence: were Heckscher and Ohlin right? J Econ Hist 54:892–916

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke KH, Williamson JG (1995) Open economy forces and late 19th century Swedish catch-up: a quantitative accounting. Scand Econ Hist Rev 43:171–203

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke KH, Williamson JG (1997) Around the European periphery 1870–1913: globalization, schooling and growth. Eur Rev Econ Hist 1:153–190

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke KH, Williamson JG (1999) Globalization and history: the evolution of a nineteenth-century Atlantic economy. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke KH, Williamson JG (2002a) When did globalisation begin? Eur Rev Econ Hist 6(1):23–50

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke KH, Williamson JG (2002b) After Columbus: explaining Europe’s overseas trade boom, 1500–1900. J Econ Hist 62(2):417–456

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke KH, Williamson JG (2004) Once more: when did globalization begin? Eur Rev Econ Hist 8:109–117

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke KH, Williamson JG (2009) Did Vasco da Gama matter for European markets? Econ Hist Rev 62(3):655–684

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke KH, Taylor AM, Williamson JG (1997) Factor price convergence in the late 19th century. Int Econ Rev 37(3):499–530

    Google Scholar 

  • Obstfeld M, Taylor AM (1997) Nonlinear aspects of goods-market arbitrage and adjustment: Heckscher’s commodity points revisited. J Jpn Int Econ 11:441–479

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohlin B (1933) Interregional and International Trade. Harvard University Press. Cambridge MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Özmucur S, Pamuk Ş (2007) Did European commodity prices converge during 1500–1800? In: Hatton TJ, O’Rourke KH, Taylor AM (eds) The new comparative economic history: essays in honour of Jeffrey G. Williamson. MIT Press, Cambridge MA, pp 59–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Pahre R (2008) Politics and trade cooperation in the nineteenth century. The “agreeable customs” of 1815–1914. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Pamuk Ş, Williamson JG (2011) Ottoman de-industrialization, 1800–1913: assessing the magnitude, impact, and response. Econ Hist Rev 64(S1):159–184

    Google Scholar 

  • Panza L (2013) Globalization and the Near East: a study of cotton market integration in Egypt and Western Anatolia. J Econ Hist 73(3):847–872

    Google Scholar 

  • Peña D, Sánchez-Albornoz N (1984) Wheat prices in Spain, 1857–1890: an application of the Box-Jenkins methodology. J Eur Econ Hist 13:353–373

    Google Scholar 

  • Persson KG (1999) Grain markets in Europe, 1500–1900. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Persson KG (2004) Mind the gap! Transport costs and price convergence in the nineteenth century Atlantic economy. Eur Rev Econ Hist 8:125–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Pistoresi B, Rinaldi A (2012) Exports, imports, and growth. New evidence on Italy: 1863–2004. Explor Econ Hist 49:241–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Platt DCM (1971) Problems in the interpretation of foreign trade statistics before 1914. J Latin Am Stud 3:119–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Ploeckl F (2013) The internal impact of a customs union; Baden and the Zollverein. Explor Econ Hist 50:387–404

    Google Scholar 

  • Prado S (2010) Fallacious convergence? Williamson’s real wage comparisons under scrutiny. Cliometrica 4:171–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Prados de la Escosura L (2000) International comparisons of real product, 1820–1990: an alternative data set. Explor Econ Hist 37(1):1–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Prados de la Escosura L, Rosés JR, Sanz-Villarroya I (2012) Economic reforms and growth in Franco’s Spain. Rev Hist Econ 30(1):45–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Prebisch R (1950) The economic development of Latin America and its principle problems. United Nations. Lake Success

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahman AS (2010) Fighting the forces of gravity – seapower and maritime trade between the 18th and the 20th centuries. Explor Econ Hist 47:28–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Rei C (2011) The organization of Eastern merchant empires. Explor Econ Hist 48:116–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricardo D (1817) On the principles of political economy and taxation. John Murray, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson D (2005) Slavery and Bristol’s “golden age”. Slavery Abolition 26:35–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritschl AO, Wolf N (2011) Endogeneity of currency areas and trade blocs: evidence from a natural experiment. Kyklos 64(2):291–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez F, Rodrik D (2000) Trade policy and economic growth: a sceptic’s guide to the cross-national evidence. NBER Macroecon Ann 15:261–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogowski R (1989) Commerce and coalitions. How trade affects domestic political alignments. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Rönnbäck K (2009) Integration of global commodity markets in the early modern era. Eur Rev Econ Hist 13(1):95–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Rönnbäck K (2012) The speed of ships and shipping productivity in the age of sail. Eur Rev Econ Hist 16:469–489

    Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez F, López-Uribe M d P, Fazio A (2010) Land conflicts, property rights, and the rise of the export economy in Colombia, 1850–1925. J Econ Hist 70(2):378–399

    Google Scholar 

  • Schonhardt-Bailey C (2006) From the Corn Laws to free trade. Interests, ideas and institutions in historical perspective. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Schularick M, Solomou S (2011) Tariffs and economic growth in the first era of globalization. J Econ Growth 16(1):33–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulze M-S, Wolf N (2009) On the origins of border effects: insights from the Habsburg empire. J Econ Geogr 9(1):117–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulze M-S, Wolf N (2012) Economic nationalism and economic integration: the Austro-Hungarian empire in the late nineteenth century. Econ Hist Rev 62(2):652–673

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulze MS, Heinemeyer HC, Wolf N (2008) Endogenous borders? Exploring a natural experiment on border effects. Center for Economic Policy Research working paper 6909

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulze M-S, Heinemeyer HC, Wolf N (2011) On the economic consequences of the peace: trade and borders after Versailles. J Econ Hist 71(4):915–949

    Google Scholar 

  • Serrano R, Pinilla V (2011) The evolution and changing geographical structure of world agri-food trade, 1951–2000. Rev Hist Ind 46(2):97–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharp P (2010) “1846 and all that”: the rise and fall of British wheat protection in the nineteenth century. Agric Hist Rev 58(1):79–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharp P, Weisdorf J (2013) Globalization revisited: market integration and the wheat trade between North America and Britain from the eighteenth century. Explor Econ Hist 50:88–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiue CH, Keller W (2007) Markets in China and Europe on the eve of the industrial revolution. Am Econ Rev 97:1189–1216

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer H (1950) The distributions of gains between investing and borrowing countries. Am Econ Rev Paper Proc 40:473–485

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith A (1776) An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. W. Strahan and T. Cadell, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Swinnen JFM (2009) The growth of agricultural protectionism in Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. World Econ 32(11):1499–1537

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor AM (1998) Peopling the Pampa: on the impact of mass migration to the river plate, 1870–1914. Explor Econ Hist 34:100–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor AM (2001) Potential pitfalls for the purchasing-power-parity puzzle? Sampling and specification biases in mean-reversion tests of the law of one price. Econometrica 69:473–498

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor JE, Basu B, McLean S (2011) Net exports and the avoidance of high unemployment during reconversion, 1945–1947. J Econ Hist 71(2):444–454

    Google Scholar 

  • Tena-Junguito A (1989) On the accuracy of foreign trade statistics: Italy 1890–1938. Rivista di storia economica 6(1):87–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Tena-Junguito A (1995) Una reconstrucción del comercio exterior español, 1914–1935: La rectificación de las estadísticas oficiales. Rev Hist Econ 3(1):77–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Tena-Junguito A (2006a) Assessing the protectionist intensity of tariffs in nineteenth-century European trade policy. In: Dormois JP, Lains P (eds) Classical trade protectionism, 1815–1914. Routledge, London, pp 99–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Tena-Junguito A (2006b) Por qué fue España un país con alta protección industrial? Evidencias desde la protección efectiva 1870–1930. In: Dobado R, Gómez Galvarriato A, Márquez G (eds) España y México. ¿Historias económicas paralelas? Fondo de Cultura Económica, México

    Google Scholar 

  • Tena-Junguito A (2010a) Bairoch revisited: tariff structure and growth in the late nineteenth century. Eur Rev Econ Hist 14:111–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Tena-Junguito A (2010b) Tariff history lessons from the European periphery. Protection intensity and the infant industry argument in Spain and Italy 1870–1930. Hist Soc Res 35(1):340–362

    Google Scholar 

  • Tena-Junguito A, Willebald H (2013) On the accuracy of export growth in Argentina, 1870–1913. Econ Hist Dev Region 28(1):28–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Tena-Junguito A, Lampe M, Tâmega Fernandez F (2012) How much trade liberalization was there in the world before and after Cobden-Chevalier? J Econ Hist 72(3):708–740

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson JKJ (2008) The Spanish trade in American cotton: Atlantic synergies in the age of enlightenment. Rev Hist Econ 26(2):277–314

    Google Scholar 

  • Tirado DA, Pons J, Paluzie E, Martínez-Galarraga J (2013) Trade policy and wage gradients: evidence from a protectionist turn. Cliometrica 7:295–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Trenkler C, Wolf N (2005) Economic integration across borders: the polish interwar economy 1921–1937. Eur Rev Econ Hist 9(2):199–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Uebele M (2011) National and international market integration in the 19th century: evidence from comovement. Explor Econ Hist 48:226–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Vamvakidis A (2002) How robust is the growth-openness connection? Historical evidence. J Econ Growth 7:57–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dijck M, Truyts T (2011) Ideas, interests, and politics in the case of the Belgian Corn Law repeal, 1834–1873. J Econ Hist 71(1):185–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasta M (2010) Italian export capacity in the long run perspective (1861–2009): a tortuous path to keep the position. J Modern Italian Stud 15(1):133–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Vizcarra C (2009) Guano, credible commitments, and sovereign debt in nineteenth-century Peru. J Econ Hist 69(2):358–387

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson JG (1990a) The impact of the Corn Laws just prior to repeal. Explor Econ Hist 27(2):123–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson J (1990b) Latin American adjustment: how much has happened? Peterson Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson JG (2006) Explaining world tariffs, 1870–1938: Stolper-Samuelson, strategic tariffs, and state revenues. In: Findlay R, Henriksson RGH, Lindgren H, Lundahl M (eds) Eli Heckscher, international trade, and economic history. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 199–228

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson JG (2008) Globalization and the great divergence: terms of trade booms, volatility and the poor periphery, 1782–1913. Eur Rev Econ Hist 12:355–391

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson JG (2011) Trade and poverty. When the third world fell behind. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf N (2005) Path dependent border effects: the case of Poland’s reunification (1918–1939). Explor Econ Hist 42(3):414–438

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf N (2009) Was Germany ever united? Evidence from intra- and international trade, 1885–1933. J Econ Hist 69(3):846–881

    Google Scholar 

  • Ye L (S) (2010) U.S. trade policy and the Pacific Rim, from Fordney-McCumber to the Trade Expansion Act of 1962: a political-economic analysis. Res Econ Hist 27:201–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Yousef TM (2000) The political economy of interwar Egyptian cotton policy. Explor Econ Hist 37:301–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahedieh N (2013) Colonies, copper, and the market for inventive activity in England and Wales, 1680–1730. Econ Hist Rev 66(3):805–825

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universidad Carlos III Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    Markus Lampe

  2. University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark

    Paul Sharp

Authors
  1. Markus Lampe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Paul Sharp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Markus Lampe .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. BETA/CNRS (UMR 7522), University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study, Strasbourg Cedex, France

    Claude Diebolt

  2. University of Wisconsin Department of Economics, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA

    Michael Haupert

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this entry

Cite this entry

Lampe, M., Sharp, P. (2014). Cliometric Approaches to International Trade. In: Diebolt, C., Haupert, M. (eds) Handbook of Cliometrics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40458-0_8-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40458-0_8-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-40458-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Economics and FinanceReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Chapter history

  1. Latest

    Cliometric Approaches to International Trade
    Published:
    21 February 2019

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40458-0_8-2

  2. Original

    Cliometric Approaches to International Trade
    Published:
    14 July 2014

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40458-0_8-1

Search

Navigation