Synonyms
Definition
Exosomes are membrane-enclosed vesicles that are derived from the endocytic compartment and released at the plasma membrane into the extracellular space. The plasma membrane is not the source of the lipid bilayer of exosomes; rather, exosomes originate from luminal pinocytosis of early endosomes. These vesicles range from 30 nm to 100 nm in diameter and traffic cargo in an autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine fashion. Exosomes contain a subset of biologically active macromolecules present in the cell: protein, lipids, and multiple RNA species. The composition of exosomal cargo is unique to the producing cells, giving healthy and diseased cells a specific exosomal signature. The trafficking of these molecules into neighboring cells alters their behavior, a process involved in neuronal signaling, fetal development, tissue homeostasis and repair, adaptive immunity, and cancer progression.
Characteristics
Mechanism
In contrast to the shedding of...
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References
Lötvall J, Hill AF et al (2014) Minimal experimental requirements for definition of extracellular vesicles and their functions: a position statement from the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 3. doi:10.3402/jev.v3.26913
Mittelbrunn M, Vicente Manzanares M, Sánchez-Madrid F (2015) Organizing polarized delivery of exosomes at synapses. Traffic. doi:10.1111/tra.12258
Roma-Rodriguez C, Fernandes AR, Baptisa PV (2014) Exosome in tumour microenvironment: overview of the crosstalk between normal and cancer cells. Biomed Res Int. doi:10.1155/2014/179486. Epub 2014 May 21
Villarroya-Beltri C, Baixauli F et al (2014) Sorting it out: regulation of exosome loading. Semin Cancer Biol (28) doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.04.009
See Also
(2012) Adaptive immunity. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of cancer, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 42–43. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_74
(2012) Biomarkers. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of cancer, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 408–409. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_6601
(2012) Checkpoint. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of cancer, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 754–755. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_1049
(2012) Cholesterol. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of cancer, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, p 821. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_1116
(2012) Cytokine. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of cancer, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, p 1051. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_1473
(2012) Extracellular matrix. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of cancer, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, p 1362. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_2067
(2012) ICAMs. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of cancer, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, p 1803. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_2938
(2012) Integrin. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of cancer, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, p 1884. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_3084
(2012) Lymphocytes. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of cancer, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, p 2123. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_3455
(2012) Messenger RNA. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of cancer, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, p 2250. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_6616
(2012) Mutation. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of cancer, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, p 2412. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_3911
(2012) Phosphoinositides. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of cancer, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, p 2867. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_4535
(2012) Plasma membrane. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of cancer, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, p 2900. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_4599
(2012) Rab. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of cancer, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, p 3133. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_4890
(2012) RISC. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of cancer, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, p 3309. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_5110
(2012) Signal-transducer proteins. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of cancer, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, p 3411. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_5299
(2012) Stromal cells. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of cancer, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, p 3544. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_5535
(2012) Transcription factor. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of cancer, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, p 3752. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_5901
(2012) Ubiquitin. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of cancer, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, p 3825. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_6083
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Kurre, P., Doron, B. (2015). Exosome. In: Schwab, M. (eds) Encyclopedia of Cancer. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27841-9_7130-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27841-9_7130-1
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