Forward genetics – random mutagenesis;  Reverse genetics – targeted mutagenesis

Forward genetics is the examination of the genetic cause of an altered or abnormal phenotype introduced by a chemical mutagenesis or mutation by irradiation (e.g., phenotype → genotype). In reverse genetics, a particular gene is altered and the phenotype is investigated (e.g., genotype → phenotype).

 Genetically Modified Animals

 Phenotyping of Behavioral Characteristics