Introduction
Paragraph 2 of the 1991 Declaration on Fact-Finding by the United Nations in the Field of the Maintenance of International Peace and Security (hereinafter the “UN Declaration on Fact-Finding”) defines “fact-finding” as “any activity designed to obtain detailed knowledge of the relevant facts of any dispute or situation which the competent United Nations organs need in order to exercise effectively their functions in relation to the maintenance of international peace and security.” In UN jargon, fact-finding is also referred to as inquiry. The UN library online, for example, refers indistinctly to fact-finding missions or commissions of inquiry. Hence, this contribution employs the two terms interchangeably.
Nowadays, the term “international fact-finding missions” indicates groups of experts appointed ad hoc to investigate the factual circumstances of interstate disputes, widespread human rights violations, or individual violent episodes and report their findings to their...
References
Alston, P. (2005). The Darfur commission as a model for future responses to crisis situations. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 3, 600–607.
Alston, P., & Knuckey, S. (2016). The transformation of human rights fact-finding: Challenges and opportunities. In P. Alston & S. Knuckey (Eds.), The transformation of human rights fact-finding (pp. 3–24). New York: Oxford University Press.
An Agenda for Peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping, Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to the statement adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council on 31 January 1992, UN Doc. A/47/277 (17 June 1992). Charter of the United Nations.
Berg, A. (1993). The1991 declaration on fact-finding by the United Nations. The European Journal of International Law, 4, 107–114.
Convention pour le règlement pacifique des conflits internationaux, The Hague, 29 July 1899.
Convention pour le règlement pacifique des conflits internationaux, The Hague, 18 October 1907.
Elliott, I. (2017). ‘A meaningful step towards accountability’?: A view from the field on the United Nations international, impartial and independent mechanism for Syria. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 15(2), 239–256.
Farrell, M., & Murphy, B. (2017). Hegemony and counter-hegemony: The politics of establishing United Nations commissions of inquiry. In C. Henderson (Ed.), Commissions of inquiry: Problems and prospects (pp. 35–64). Oxford: Hart Publishing.
Franck, T. M., & Fairley, H. S. (1980). Procedural due process in human rights fact-finding by international agencies. The American Journal of International Law, 74(2), 308–345.
Freedman, R. (2013). The United Nations human rights council: A critique and early assessment. London/New York: Routledge.
General Assembly, Report of the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization, Supplement No. 33, UN Doc. A/45/33 (8 March 1990).
General Assembly resolution 19/17, Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in the occupied Syrian Golan, UN Doc. A/HRC/RES/19/17 (10 April 2012).
General Assembly resolution 46/59, Declaration on Fact-Finding by the United Nations in the Field of the Maintenance of International Peace and Security, UN Doc. A/RES/46/59 (9 December 1991).
General Assembly resolution 60/251, Human Rights Council, UN Doc. A/RES/60/251 (3 April 2006).
General Assembly resolution 71/248, International, Impartial and Independent Mechanism to Assist in the Investigation and Prosecution of Those Responsible for the Most Serious Crimes under International Law Committed in the Syrian Arab Republic since March 2011, UN Doc. A/71/L.48 (19 December 2016).
Gifkins, J. (2012). The UN security council divided: Syria in crisis. Global Responsibility to Protect, 4, 377–393.
Human Rights Council, Human Rights in Palestine and Other Occupied Arab Territories: Report of the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict, UN Doc. A/HRC/12/48 (25 September 2009).
Human Rights Council, Report of the independent international factfinding mission to investigate the implications of the Israeli settlements on the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of the Palestinian people throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, UN Doc. A/HRC/22/63 (7 February 2013).
Human Rights Council, Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Burundi, UN Doc. A/HRC/36/54 (11 August 2017).
Human Rights Council resolution 34/26, The human rights situation in the Syrian Arab Republic, UN Doc. A/HRC/RES/34/26 (5 April 2017).
Krebs, S. (2017). The legalization of truth in international fact-finding. Chicago Journal of International Law, 18, 83–163.
Krebs, S. (2018). Designing international fact-finding: Facts, alternative facts, and National Identities. Fordham International Law Journal, 41(2), 337–381.
Lemnitzer, J. M. (2017). International commissions of inquiry and the North Sea incident: A model for a MH17 tribunal? The European Journal of International Law, 27(4), 923–944.
Letter dated 31 January 2005 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council, Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the Secretary-General, UN Doc. S/2005/60 (1 February 2005).
Merrills, J. G. (2011). International dispute settlement. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Security Council resolution 1564 (2004), UN Doc. S/RES/1564 (2004) (18 September 2004).
Security Council resolution 1593 (2005), UN Doc. S/RES/1593 (2005) (31 March 2005).
The Dogger Bank Case (Great Britain v. Russia). (1908) The American Journal of International Law, 2, 931–936 (I.C.I. Report, 26 February 1905).
Van den Herik, L. (2014). An inquiry into the role of commissions of inquiry in international law: Navigating the tensions between fact-finding and application of international law. Chinese Journal of International Law, 13, 507–537.
Further Reading
Bassiouni, M. C., & Abraham, C. (Eds.). (2013). Siracusa guidelines for international, regional and national fact-finding bodies. Cambridge/Antwerp/Portland: Intersentia.
Alston, P., & Knuckey, S. (Eds.). (2016). The transformation of human rights fact-finding (3–24). New York: Oxford University Press.
Henderson, C. (Ed.). (2017). Commissions of inquiry: Problems and prospects (pp. 35–64). Oxford: Hart Publishing.
Bergsmo, M. (Ed.). (2013). Quality control in fact-finding. Florence: Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher.
Franck, T. M., & Fairley, H. S. (1980). Procedural due process in human rights fact-finding by international agencies. The American Journal of International Law, 74(2), 308–345.
Van den Herik, L. (2014). An inquiry into the role of commissions of inquiry in international law: Navigating the tensions between fact-finding and application of international law. Chinese Journal of International Law, 13, 507–537.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Parisi, P. (2019). International Fact-Finding Missions. In: Romaniuk, S., Thapa, M., Marton, P. (eds) The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_74-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_74-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-74336-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-74336-3
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Political Science and International StudiesReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences