Advertisement

Gender Analysis Approach to Analyzing Gender Differentiated Impacts of Coping Strategies to Climate Change

Living reference work entry
First Online:
  • 209 Downloads

Abstract

Provision of safe water and fuel for the household is important Practical Gender Needs (PGNs) of women, which in turn are crucial to enable them to meet their Strategic Gender Needs (SGNs) of education, income, and control over resources. Climatic change and extremes coupled with demographic, socioeconomic, and technological changes enhance the scarcity of natural resources and negatively impact poor women much more as they cope by trudging longer distances to procure prime resources for the household. The present study examines the gender-differentiated impact of coping strategies to climate change using secondary data from published research conducted across developing countries using Moser’s gender analysis framework.

The study has shown that most of the coping strategies practiced by families had much greater negative impacts on women and children as compared to males. The study also highlighted that gender analysis framework is a useful methodology to assess the impact of climatic stresses and extremes on men and women. If the Sustainable Development Goals of eradicating poverty, achieving good health, and access to quality education, safe water, and sanitation facilities and above all gender equality have to be met, it is very important to invest in basic infrastructure to provide for the Practical Gender Needs of women. Besides improving their quality of life, such investments will enable women to focus on their Strategic Gender Needs and also enhance their adaptive capacity to lead climate resilient lives.

Keywords

Women Climate change Gender analysis frameworks Moser framework Water Fuel Climate change Coping strategies Practical Gender needs (PGNs) Strategic Gender Needs (SGNs) 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. Abebaw D, Tadesse F, Mogues T (2010) Access to improve water source and satisfaction with services: evidence from rural Ethiopia. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
  2. Adelali-Martini M, Hassan-Aw A (eds) (2014) Gender research in natural resource management: building capacities in natural resource management. Building capacities in the Middle East & North Africa. Taylor & Francis, New York. ISBN 978-0-415-72852-2Google Scholar
  3. Aggarwal B (1994) Gender and command over property. A critical gap in economic analysis and policy in South Asia. World Dev 22(10):1455–1478CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Aladuwaka S, Momsen J (2010) Sustainable development, water resources management and women’s empowerment: the Wanaraniya water project in Sri Lanka. Gend Dev 18(1):43–58.  https://doi.org/10.1080/13552071003600026CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Amoah JO (2016) Gender analysis framework and tools. https://www.scribd.com/document/370578391/Gender-Analysis-Frameworks. Accessed June 2017
  6. Arora D (2014) Gender differences in time poverty in rural Mozambique. Department of Economics, University of Utah. West AfricaGoogle Scholar
  7. Asaba RB, Fagan Honor G, Kabonesa C, Mugumaya F (2014) Women and access to water in rural Uganda: a review. J Gend Water 3(1):1–8. The University of PennsylvaniaGoogle Scholar
  8. Asian Development Bank (2015) Balancing the burden? Desk review of women’s time poverty and infrastructure in Asia and the Pacific. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development BankGoogle Scholar
  9. Barnes DF, Kumar P, Openshaw K (2012) Cleaner hearths, better homes: new stoves for India and the developing world. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Oxford University Press, New DelhiGoogle Scholar
  10. Basu M, Hoshino S, Hashimoto S (2015) Many issues, limited responses: coping with water insecurity in rural India. Water Res Rural Dev 5:47–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Bradley PN (1991) Wood fuel, women and woodlots. Vol. 1: a basis for effective research and development in East Africa. Macmillan Education, Basingstoke. ISBN 0-333-54378-5Google Scholar
  12. Brouwer ID, Hartog AP, Kamwendo MO, Heldens MW (1996) Wood quality and wood preferences in relation to food preparation and diet composition in Central Malawi. Eco Food Nutr 35(1):1–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Buor D (2003) Water needs and women’s health in the Kumasi metropolitan area. Kumasi. Ghana International Journal on Gender and Health Studies 1(1):1–9Google Scholar
  14. Care (2016) Rapid gender analysis: research report. CARE Ethiopia Emergency. Addis Ababa. EthiopiaGoogle Scholar
  15. Cecelski E (2004) Re-thinking gender and energy: old and new Directions, Energy, Environment and Development (EED), ENERGIA/EASE Discussion PaperGoogle Scholar
  16. Chakravorty U, Pelli M, Risch A (2014) Far away from the forest? Fuel wood collection and time allocation in rural India. Retrieved from http://www.isid.ac.in/~epu/acegd2014/papers/MartinoPelli.pdf
  17. Cherutich JK (2012) Impact of water access on sustainable livelihoods: a case of elementatia division in Nakuru country, Kenya. Degree of Masters of Arts in project planning and Management of the University of NairobiGoogle Scholar
  18. Crow B, Sultana F (2002) Gender class and access to water: three cases in a poor and crowded Delta. Soc Nat Resour 15:709–724CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Dankelman I (2008) Gender, climate change and human security: lessons from Bangladesh, Ghana and Senegal. WEDO, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  20. Das K, Pradhan G, Hiloidhari M et al (2017) Household time requirements for producing cooking fuels in rural areas in developing nations. Paper presented at the 25th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, Stockholm, 12–15 June 2017Google Scholar
  21. Desai SB et al (2010) Human development in India. Challenges for a society in transition. Oxford University Press, New DelhiGoogle Scholar
  22. De Souza K, Kituyi E, Harvey, B, Leone, M (2015) Vulnerability to climate change in three hot spots in Africa and Asia: key issues for policy-relevant adaptation and resilience building research. Reg Environ Chang 15:747–753  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0755-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Dholakia HH, Mishra V, Garg A (2015) Predicted increases in heat related mortality under climate change in urban India. Indian Institute of Management, Ahmadabad, IndiaGoogle Scholar
  24. Dutta S, Kooijman A, Cecelski EW (2017) Energy access and gender getting the right balance. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
  25. Ekouevi K, Tuntivate V (2011) Household energy access for cooking and heating: lessons learned and the way forward. The World Bank, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
  26. Figueiredo P, Perkins PE (2013) Women and water management in times of climate change: participatory and inclusive processes. J Clean Prod 60:180–194CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Geere J-AL, Hunter PR, Paul J (2010) Domestic water carrying and its implications for health: a review and mixed methods pilot study in Limpopo, province, South Africa. Environ Health 9:52.  https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-9-52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Gender and Water Alliance (2013) Access to water and empowerment of women: study of drudgery work and relief by SUJAL. Gender and Water AllianceGoogle Scholar
  29. Global Alliance for clean cook stoves (GACC) (2014) Gender and livelihoods impacts of clean cook stoves in South Asia study. GACC, Practical Action, Nepal, Bangladesh, IndiaGoogle Scholar
  30. Graham JP, Hirai M, Kim SS (2016) An analysis of water collection labor among women and children in 24 sub-Saharan African countries. PLoS ONE 11(6):0155981.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155981CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. GTZ (2009) cited in IBRD. Wood-based biomass energy development for Sub-Saharan Africa: issues and approaches. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). Washington, DC, 2011Google Scholar
  32. Hanchate A, Dyson T (2004) Prospects of food demand and supply. In: Cassen R, Visaria L, Dyson T (eds) Twenty first century India: population, economy, human development, and the environment. Oxford University Press, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  33. Holmes R, Jones N, Marsden H (2009) Gender vulnerabilities, food price shocks and social protection responses. ODI Background Note. ODI, LondonGoogle Scholar
  34. IEA (2002) World Energy Outlook 2002 – Energy and povertyGoogle Scholar
  35. Ilahi N, Grimard F (2000) Public infrastructure and private costs: water supply and sanitation in rural Pakistan. Econ Dev Cult Chang 49(1):45–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Imran M, Özçatalbaş O (2016) The importance of clean and efficient household energy. In: 2nd annual international conference on social sciences-AICSS 2016. Akdeniz University Department of Agricultural Economics Antalya, TurkeyGoogle Scholar
  37. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change, IPCC (2014) Climate change 2014. Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability part a: global and sectoral aspects. Working Group II contribution of the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  38. Inter-Governmental panel on climate change, IPCC (2012) Summary for Policymakers. In managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation. A special report of working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University press, Cambridge, UKGoogle Scholar
  39. Ishaya S, Maisamari GJ, Mohammed AM (2009) Fuel wood scarcity: women’s perception, experience and adaptation strategies in Gwagwalada Area Council, Nigeria. Adv Nat Appl Sci 3(1):79–84Google Scholar
  40. Ivens S (2008) Does increased water access empower women? Development 51(1):63–67.  https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100458CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. James AJ et al (2002) Transforming time into money using water: a participatory study of economics and gender in rural India. Nat Res Forum 26(3):205–217.  https://doi.org/10.1111/0165-020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Jonah C, Maitho T, Omware Q (2015) Water access and sustainable rural livelihoods: a case of Elementaita Division in Nakuru County, Kenya. Int J Sci Technol Soc 3(1):9–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. Kammila S, Kappen JF, Rysankova D, Hyseni B, Putti VR (2014) Clean and improved cooking in Sub-Saharan Africa: a landscape report. World Bank Group, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
  44. Karim RkM, Emmelin M, Resurreccion B, Wamala S (2013) Water, women and marital violence in a Bangladesh village. Global water Forum. Retrieved from http://www.globalwaterforum.org/2013/03/25/water-women-and-marital-violence-in-a-bangladesh-village/?pdf=6365
  45. Kher J, Aggarwal S, Punhani G (2015) Vulnerability of poor urban women to climate-linked water insecurities at the household level: a case study of slums in Delhi. Indian J Gend Stud 22(1):15–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Kher J, Aggarwal S, Punhani G (2016) Women as drawers of water: sharing the unequal burden. Int J Gend Stud Dev Soc 1(4):299–316.  https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGSDS.2016.10000755CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Kookana RS, Maheshwari B, Dillon P et al (2016) Groundwater scarcity impact on inclusiveness and women empowerment: insights from school absenteeism of female students in two watersheds in India. Int J Incl Educ 20(11):1155–1171.  https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2016.1155664CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. Koolwal G, van de Walle D (2011) Better access to water raises welfare, but not women’s off-farm work. Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network (PREM), The World Bank, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
  49. Kothawale DR, Munot AA, Kumar KK (2010) Surface air temperature variability over India during 1901–2007, and its association with ENSO. Clim Res 42:89–104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. Kumar P, Wiltshire A, Mathison C, Asharaf S et al (2013) Downscaled climate change projections with uncertainty assessment over India using a high resolution multi-model approach. Sci Total Environ 1:468–469.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.051CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. Lambrou Y, Nelson S (2010) Farmers in a changing climate. Does gender matter? Food security in Andhra Pradesh, India. Food & Agriculture Organization, USAGoogle Scholar
  52. Laxmi V, Parikh J, Karmakar S, Dabrase P (2003) Household energy, women’s hardship and health impacts in rural Rajasthan, India: need for sustainable energy solutions. Energy Sustain Dev 7(1):50–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Leduc B, Shrestha A (2008) Gender and climate change in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas: Nepal case study. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), KathmanduGoogle Scholar
  54. LWSI Gender Policy (2004). http://lwsit.org/pdf/Gender_Policy.pdf. Accessed Aug 2015
  55. Magala MJ, Kabonesa C, Staines A (2014) Lived experiences of women as principal gatekeepers of water management in rural Uganda. Unpublished PhD thesis, DublinCity UniversityGoogle Scholar
  56. Mahat I (2004) Electrification through micro-hydro plants in rural Nepal: a gendered perspective. Energia News 7(1):15–16Google Scholar
  57. Maplecroft Global Risk Analytics (2010) New products and analysis. http://maplecroft.com/about/news/climate_change_risk_list_highlights_vulnerable_nations_and_safe_havens_05.html. Accessed 12 July 2013
  58. March C, Smyth I, Mukopadhyay M (1999) A guide to gender analysis framework. Oxfam, OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. Matinga MN (2010) We grow up with it: an ethnographic study of the experiences, perceptions, and responses to the health impacts of energy acquisition and use in rural South Africa. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Twente, EnschedeGoogle Scholar
  60. Md Shahidul Islam (2016) Gender and water poverty: salinity in Rampal and Saronkhola, Bagerhat. Gender and Water AllianceGoogle Scholar
  61. Md. Lutfar Rahman (2010) Improved cooking stoves in South Asia. SAARC Energy Centre, Islamabad, PakistanGoogle Scholar
  62. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI) (1998–99) Time use survey: summary of findings. MOSPI, New Delhi. http://www.mospi.gov.in/mospi_time_use_survey.htm. Accessed 10 June 2017
  63. Mitchell et al (2007) We know what we need: South Asian women speak out on climate change adaptation. Action Aid International, Johannesburg/LondonGoogle Scholar
  64. Mkhize BH, Nag S, Nagarajan KH, Pradhan CK, Singh S (2012) Access to water, time allocation and income in rural India. Working papers on decentralisation and rural governance in India, National Council of Applied Economic Research, New DelhiGoogle Scholar
  65. MoFED (2010) Growth and transformation plan of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 2010/2011–2014/2015, vol I. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED), Addis AbabaGoogle Scholar
  66. Monech M, Dixit A et al (eds) (2004) Adaptive capacity & livelihood Resilience. Adaptive strategies for responding to the floods & droughts in South Asia. Institute for Social and Environmental Transition, NepalGoogle Scholar
  67. Moser CON (1993) Gender planning and development theory, practice and training. Routledge, London. ISBN 0-203-41194-3Google Scholar
  68. Moser CON (1989) Gender planning in the third world: meeting practical and strategic gender needs. World Dev 17(11):1799–1825CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. Nelson V, Meadows K, Cannon T, Morton J, Martin A (2002) Uncertain predictions, invisible impacts, and the need to mainstream gender in climate change adaptations. Gend Dev 10(2):51–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. Parikh J (2011) Hardships and health impacts on women due to traditional cooking fuels: a case study of Himachal Pradesh, India. Energy Policy 39:7587–7594CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. Parker H, Oates N, Mason N (2016) Gender, agriculture and water insecurity. Overseas Development Institute, LondonGoogle Scholar
  73. Pickering AJ, Davis J (2012) Freshwater availability and water fetching distance affect child health in Sub-Saharan Africa. Environ Sci Technol 46(4):2391–2397.  https://doi.org/10.1021/es203177CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. Porter G, Hampshire K, Abane A, Munthali A, Robson E, Mashiri M et al (2012) Child porterage and Africa’s transport gap: evidence from Ghana, Malawi and South Africa. World Dev 40:2136–2154CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. Preston KM (2012) Fuelwood collection and consumption: a case study in Lupeta Tanzania. Master’s Thesis, Michigan Technological UniversityGoogle Scholar
  76. Ray I (2007) Women, water and development. Ann Rev Environ Resour 32:421–429CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. Rebecca R (2017) Energy and Women and Girls: analyzing the needs, uses, and impacts of energy on women and girls in the developing world, Oxfam Research Backgrounder series. World Oxfam, AmericaGoogle Scholar
  78. Regmi SC, Fawcett B (1999) Integrating gender needs into drinking water projects in Nepal. Gend Dev 7(3):62–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. RFSTE/Navdanya (2005) Women and water: a report by Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology for National Commission for Women. New Delhi: Navdanya/RFSTEGoogle Scholar
  80. Saksena S, Prasad R, Joshi V (1995) Time allocation and fuel usage in three villages of the Garhwal Himalaya, India. Mt Res Dev 15(1):57–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. Shailaja R (2000) Women, energy and sustainable development. Centre for Environment Education, BangaloreCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. Sharmin Z, Islam MS (2013) Consequences of climate change and gender vulnerability: Bangladesh perspective. Bangladesh Development Research Working Paper Series (BDRWPS)Google Scholar
  83. Skutsch M (1996) Gender and energy planning. Report-Sub regional training course on women in wood energy development, FAO, BangkokGoogle Scholar
  84. Sola P, Ochieng C, Yila J, Iiyama M (2016) Links between energy access and food security in sub Saharan Africa: an exploratory review. Food Sec 8:635–642.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-016-0570-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. Sorenson BS et al (2011) Safe access to safe water in low income countries: water fetching in current times. Soc Sci Med 72:1522–1526CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. Swarup A et al (2011) Weathering the storm: adolescent girls and climate change, plan UK, LondonGoogle Scholar
  87. The World Bank (2004) The impact of energy on women’s lives in rural India. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
  88. The World Bank (2013) Cited in Towards Accessibility, Availability and Accountability sustainable energy for all in India. United NationsGoogle Scholar
  89. United Nations (2010) The World’s Women 2010. Trends and Statistics. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Division, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  90. United Nations (2015) The World’s Women 2015: Trends and statistics. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  91. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2006) Human development report, 2006. Beyond scarcity: power, poverty and the global water crisis. Oxford University Press, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  92. United Nations Development Programme (2007/2008) Human development report 2007/2008 fighting climate change: human solidarity in a divided world. Macmillan, New YorkCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. United Nations Development Programme (2011) Human development report 2011: sustainability and equity: a better future for all. United Nations Development Programme, New YorkCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  94. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2018) Human development indices and indicators 2018 statistical update. UNDP, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  95. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural organization (2003/04) The gender and education for all. The leap to equality. UNESCOGoogle Scholar
  96. United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative UNGEI (2012) Gender Analysis in Education: A conceptual over view. UNGEI, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  97. USAID (2010) Fuel-efficient stove programs in humanitarian settings: an implementer’s toolkit. USAIDGoogle Scholar
  98. Vincent K, Cull T, Chanika D, Hamazakaza P, Joubert A, Macome E, Mutonhodza Davies C (2013) Farmers’ responses to climate variability and change in southern Africa: is it coping or adaptation? Climate Dev 5:194–205CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. Waris V, Antahal P (2014) Fuel wood scarcity, poverty and women: some perspectives. IOSR J Humanit Soc Sci 19(8):21–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. WHO/UNICEF Joint monitoring programme for water supply and sanitation (2004) Meeting drinking water and sanitation target: a mid-term assessment of progress United Nations Plaza, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  101. WHO/UNICEF Joint monitoring programme for water supply and sanitation (2008) Progress on drinking water and sanitation: special focus on sanitation. UNICEF/WHO, New York/GenevaGoogle Scholar
  102. WHO/UNICEF Joint monitoring programme for water supply and sanitation (2010) Progress on sanitation and drinking Water 2010 update. New YorkGoogle Scholar
  103. WHO/UNICEF Joint monitoring programme for water supply and sanitation (2012) Progress on drinking water and sanitation 2012 update. New YorkGoogle Scholar
  104. World Bank (2001) Gender & Rural Development. http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website00264MEB/OTHER/8AE30715.HTM?OpenDocument. Accessed March 2017
  105. World Bank (2012) Turn down the heat: why a 4°C warmer world must be avoided. World Bank, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
  106. World Economic Forum (2015) The Global Gender Gap Report 2015. World Economic Forum, GenevaGoogle Scholar
  107. World Economic Forum (2017) The Global Gender Gap Report 2017. World Economic Forum, GenevaGoogle Scholar
  108. World Health Organization (2004) Gender, health and work. WHO, GenevaGoogle Scholar
  109. World Health Organization (2014) WHO sets benchmarks to reduce health damage from indoor air pollution. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/indoor-air-pollution/en/. Accessed 20 Sept 2016
  110. Yavinsky WR (2012) Population reference Bureau, Women more vulnerable than men to climate change. http://www.prb.org/Articles/2012/women-vulnerable-climate-change.aspx. Accessed 16 Mar 2015

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Development Communication and ExtensionInstitute of Home Economics, University of New DelhiNew DelhiIndia

Personalised recommendations

Cite entry