Abstract
This chapter will draw on the literature, policy, and research to consider the processes of investigating and prosecuting human trafficking activities across three jurisdictions. The chapter will be split into the following three sections:
-
1.
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Toolkit to combat human trafficking and themes from the UN regarding approaches to perpetrators
-
2.
International initiatives that have developed including those within the European Union, Canada, and the United States
-
3.
A case study of investigation and prosecution in the United Kingdom
These sections are drawn together by identifying learning through the development of best practice along with the challenges that exist in the investigation and prosecution of human trafficking offences.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allain J, Bales K (2012) Slavery and Its Definition. Global Dialogue 14 2. Available https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2123155. Accessed 11 May 2018.
Anti-Trafficking Monitoring Group (2013) In the Dock: Examining to UK’s Criminal Justice Response to Trafficking. Anti-Trafficking Monitoring Group. Available https://www.antislavery.org/in-the-dock-report/ Accessed 1 Oct 2018.
Balch A, Geddes A (2011) Opportunity from crisis: Organisational responses to human trafficking in the UK. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 13: 26–41.
Broad R, Turnbull N (2018) From human trafficking to modern slavery: The development of anti-slavery legislation in the UK. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-018-9375-4
Bruckert C, Parent C (2002) Trafficking in human beings and organized crime: A literature review. Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Research and Evaluation Branch. Available www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca. Accessed 17 May 2018.
Brunovskis A, Skilbrei M L (2016) Two birds with one stone? Implications of conditional assistance in victim protection and prosecution of traffickers. Anti-Trafficking Review 6: 13–30.
Centre for Social Justice (CSJ) (2013) It Happens Here: Equipping the United Kingdom to fight modern slavery, a policy report by the Slavery Working Group The Centre for Social Justice: London.
Craig G (2017) The UK’s modern slavery legislation: An early assessment of progress. Social Inclusion 5(2): 16–27.
Department of State (2018) Trafficking in Persons Report 2018. Department of State: United States of America. Available https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/282800.pdf. Accessed 1 Oct 2018.
Drew S (2009) Human trafficking – human rights. London: Legal Action Group.
European Commission (2005) Fighting trafficking in human beings – an integrated approach and proposals for an action plan. Available https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52005DC0514. Accessed 1 Oct 2018.
European Commission (2012) The EU strategy towards the eradication of trafficking in human beings. Available https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/eu_strategy_towards_the_eradication_of_trafficking_in_human_beings_2012-2016_1.pdf. Access 1 Oct 2018.
European Commission (2016) Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the progress made in the fight against trafficking in human beings. Available https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/eu-policy/first-report-progress-made-fight-against-trafficking-human-beings-2016_en. Accessed 1 Oct 2018.
Farrell A, DeLateur M, Owens C, Fahy S (2016) The prosecution of state-level human trafficking cases in the United States. Anti-Trafficking Review 6: 48–70.
Farrell A, Owens C, McDevitt J (2013) New laws but few cases: Understanding the challenges to the investigation and prosecution of human trafficking cases. Crime, Law and Social Change 61(2): 139–168.
Gadd D, Broad R, Craven J, Lightowlers C, Bellotti E (2017) Mapping the contours of modern slavery in Greater Manchester. Available https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/60221645/Gadd_report.pdf. Accessed 1 Jun 2018.
Gallagher A (2010) The international law of human trafficking. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Gallagher A (2001) Human rights and the new UN Protocols on trafficking and migrant smuggling: A Preliminary Analysis. Human Rights Quarterly 23(4): 975–1004.
Government of Canada (2017a) Strengthening Canada’s criminal law response to human trafficking. Department of Justice, Government of Canada. Available https://www.canada.ca/en/department-justice/news/2017/02/government_of_canadaintroduceslegislationtostrengthenhumantraffi.html. last accessed 15/05/18.
Government of Canada (2017b) Horizontal evaluation of the national action plan to combat human trafficking. Department of Justice, Government of Canada. Available https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/vltn-nap-ht/index-en.aspx#a1. Accessed 15 May 2018.
Government of Canada (2012) National action plan to combat human trafficking. Department of Justice, Government of Canada. Available https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/ntnl-ctn-pln-cmbt/ntnl-ctn-pln-cmbt-eng.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2018.
Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA) (2014) Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by the Netherlands. GRETA. Available https://rm.coe.int/1680632199 Accessed 15 May 2018.
GRETA (2012) Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by the UK. GRETA. Available http://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/publications/greta-report-united-kingdom-0_en Accessed 15 May 2018.
Hastie B, Yule A (2014) Milestone or missed opportunity? A critical analysis of the impact of Domotor on the future of human trafficking cases in Canada. Appeal 19: 83–93.
HM Government (2015) Modern Slavery Strategy. HM Government, London. Available https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/modern-slavery-strategy. Accessed 1 Oct 2018.
Home Office (2017) An evaluation of the National Referral Mechanism pilot. Available https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/653703/evaluation-national-referral-mechanism-pilot-horr94.pdf. Accessed 01/10/18.
Kaye J, Winterdyk J, Quarterman L (2014) Beyond criminal justice: A case study of responding to human trafficking in Canada. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 56(1): 23–48.
Keatinge T (2017) Following the financial footprints: New approaches to disrupting human trafficking and modern slavery. The European Review of Organized Crime 4(2): 128–146.
Malo S (2018) In a first for Canada, trafficking victims get free legal help. Reuters News. Available http://news.trust.org/item/20180511174605-1u9fn/. Accessed 15 May 2018.
Millar H, O’Doherty T, Roots T (2017) A formidable task: Reflections on obtaining legal empirical evidence on human trafficking in Canada. Anti-Trafficking Review 8: 34–49.
National Audit Office (2017) Reducing modern slavery. Available https://www.nao.org.uk/report/reducing-modern-slavery/ Accessed 15 May 2018.
Obokata T (2015) Human trafficking. In: Boister N, Currie R (eds) Routledge Handbook of Transnational Criminal Law. Routledge, London and New York.
Open Minds Foundation (2016) The UK coercive control law and victimless prosecution. Open Minds Foundation. Available https://www.openmindsfoundation.org/the-uk-coercive-control-law-and-victimless-prosecution-a-step-forward/. Accessed 01/01/18.
Oxman-Martinez J, Lacroix M, Hanley J (2005a) Victims of trafficking in persons: Perspectives from the Canadian community sector. Department of Justice: Canada.
Oxman-Martinez J, Hanley J, Gomez F (2005b) Canadian policy on human trafficking: A four-year analysis. International Migration 43 (4): 7–29.
Perrin B (2010) Just passing through? International legal obligations and policies of transit countries in combating trafficking in persons. European Journal of Criminology 7(1): 11–27.
Press Association (2018) Home Office under fire over ‘muddled strategy’ on slavery that fails victims. The Guardian. Available https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/may/23/home-office-muddled-strategy-modern-slavery-kevin-hyland. Accessed 6 Jun 2018.
Raymond J (2002) The New UN trafficking protocol. Women’s Studies International Forum 25(5): 491–502.
Reid J (2012) Rapid assessment exploring impediments to successful prosecutions of sex traffickers of US Minors. Journal of Police Criminal Psychology 28(1): 75–89.
Reiley A (2006) Trafficking in human beings: A comparative account of legal provisions for combating trafficking in Belgium, Italy, The Netherlands, Sweden and The United States. In: Van Den Anker C, Doomernik J (eds) Trafficking and Women’s Rights. Palgrave, Basingstoke, p 89–117.
Rijken C, Koster D (2008) A human rights based approach to trafficking in human beings in theory and practice. doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1135108.
Schauer E, Wheaton E (2006) Sex trafficking into the United States: A literature review. Criminal Justice Review 31(2): 146–169.
Srikantiah J (2007) Perfect Victims and Real Survivors: The iconic victim in domestic human trafficking law. Boston University Law Review 87: 157–211.
Spencer J, Broad R (2012) The groundhog day of human trafficking for sexual exploitation debate: New directions in criminological understanding. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 18(3) 269–281.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2008) (2nd edition) UNODC Toolkit to combat trafficking in persons. Available https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/2008/electronic-toolkit/electronic-toolkit-to-combat-trafficking-in-persons%2D%2D-index.html. Accessed 1 October 2018.
UNODC (2009) Model law against trafficking in persons. Available https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/UNODC_Model_Law_on_Trafficking_in_Persons.pdf. Accessed 17 May 2018.
United States Department of Justice (2018) Office for Victims of Crime and US Department of Justice Human Trafficking Task Force E-guide. Available https://www.ovcttac.gov/taskforceguide/eguide/ Accessed 9 Oct 2018.
United States Department of Justice (2017) National strategy to combat human trafficking. Available https://www.justice.gov/humantrafficking/page/file/922791/download Accessed 1 Jun 2018.
Winterdyk J (2017) Combating human trafficking at the local Level: Better informing (inter)national action plans. International Annals of Criminology 55: 220–236.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer International Publishing AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Broad, R., Muraszkiewicz, J. (2020). The Investigation and Prosecution of Traffickers: Challenges and Opportunities. In: Winterdyk, J., Jones, J. (eds) The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63058-8_43
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63058-8_43
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-63057-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-63058-8
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences