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High-Precision Spectrographs for Exoplanet Research: CORAVEL, ELODIE, CORALIE, SOPHIE and HARPS

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Abstract

In this chapter, we will present the concepts, designs, and performances of several generations of simultaneous-reference spectrographs that have made the history of exoplanet discoveries by means of the Doppler technique. It is not possible to understand the strengths of this category of spectrographs without understanding first the revolutionary approach of CORAVEL that set the path for the next generation of instruments using CCDs, i.e., ELODIE and CORALIE. These instruments were extremely successful (e.g., with the discovery of 51 Peg b), it however quickly became clear that higher precision would be necessary in order not to remain stuck with Jupiter- and Saturn-mass planets only. The ELODIE/CORALIE concept was optimized in order to reach best possible performances. This process led to the development of HARPS that has become, through the tens of discoveries of Super-Earths and Neptunes, the new reference for high-precision Doppler velocity measurements. The success of HARPS had to be transposed to the northern hemisphere, an ambition that resulted first in the manufacturing of SOPHIE and later of HARPS-N. This work was finally the baseline for the development of ESPRESSO aiming at the next level of precision. We refer, however, to the chapter dedicated to ESPRESSO in this same handbook for a detailed description.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The HARPS Consortium was led by the Geneva Observatory (University of Geneva, PI: M. Mayor) and also composed of the Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP, F), the Physikalisches Institut der Universität Bern (CH), the Service d’Aéronomie de Paris (F) and the European Southern Observatory (ESO).

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Acknowledgments

This work has been carried out within the frame of the National Centre for Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the SNSF. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the SNSF. The authors would like to thank in the most sincere way all the persons who have contributed through their passionate and competent, but often unapparent, work of administration, management, engineering, technology, programming, etc., to the great scientific success of the described instruments.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Département d’Astronomie, Observatoire de l’Université de Genéve, Versoix, GE, Switzerland

    Francesco Pepe

  2. Département d’Astronomie, Université de Genéve, Versoix, GE, Switzerland

    François Bouchy

  3. Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genéve, Versoix, Switzerland

    François Bouchy

  4. Département d’Astronomie, Université de Genéve, Versoix, GE, Switzerland

    Michel Mayor & Stéphane Udry

Authors
  1. Francesco Pepe
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  2. François Bouchy
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  3. Michel Mayor
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  4. Stéphane Udry
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Francesco Pepe .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

    Hans J. Deeg

  2. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

    Juan Antonio Belmonte

Section Editor information

  1. Graduate School of Science, Department of Astronomy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Norio Narita

  2. Exoplanet Detection Project Office, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo, Japan

    Norio Narita

  3. Exoplanet Detection Project Office, Astrobiology Center, Tokyo, Japan

    Norio Narita

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Pepe, F., Bouchy, F., Mayor, M., Udry, S. (2018). High-Precision Spectrographs for Exoplanet Research: CORAVEL, ELODIE, CORALIE, SOPHIE and HARPS. In: Deeg, H., Belmonte, J. (eds) Handbook of Exoplanets . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55333-7_190

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