The Barker Hypothesis

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Abstract

The Barker hypothesis proposed that adverse nutrition in early life, including prenatally as measured by birth weight, increased susceptibility to the metabolic syndrome which includes obesity, diabetes, insulin insensitivity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia and complications that include coronary heart disease and stroke. Periods of rapid postnatal growth associated with high-energy intake seem to be risk factors, along with a high-energy western diet. Theories proposing the mechanism of this association include the thrifty gene , bet-hedging , fetal predictive adaptive response , and drifty phenotype hypotheses. The cause of metabolic syndrome is likely to be multifactorial, with many nuclear DNA and cellular RNA sequences acting in concert with environmental influences. Epidemiological data in humans and experimental data indicate that transgenerational epigenetic inheritance is a possible mechanism where a history of starvation or deprivation during early life is seen in a grandparent and transgenerational effects are seen in their grandchildren. It remains to be seen whether this is mediated by heritable RNA sequences, or by acquired, possibly mosaic mutations in DNA coding for example for regulatory RNAs. Recent research has raised the possibility that the nature and quantity of gastrointestinal microorganisms (microbiota ) can be modified by diet and conversely can modify an animal’s metabolic program. As the microbiota is inherited largely from the mother, modification of her nutrition, health before and during pregnancy, and mode of delivery could influence the child’s microbiota, introducing further potential avenues to improve the prevention, reduction of complications, and treatment of malnutrition and metabolic syndrome.

Keywords

Barker hypothesis Thrifty phenotype Genotype Fetal programming Intrauterine malnutrition Epigenetic inheritance Somatic mutation Microbiota Gastrointestinal microorganisms Developmental origins of health and disease 

List of Abbreviations

siRNA Small or short interfering RNA

targets messenger RNA (mRNA) of specific sequence for inactivation or degradation

miRNA MicroRNA

small noncoding RNA 22 nucleotides long which regulates gene expression by targeting mRNA

XIST X-inactive specific transcript

a gene located on the X chromosome that encodes RNA, which inactivates the same X chromosome

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Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Paediatrics, School of MedicineWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithAustralia
  2. 2.Department of Paediatrics, School of MedicineWestern Sydney University, Level 2, Macarthur Clinical School, Campbelltown HospitalCampbelltownAustralia

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