Microbiology of Skin Surface

Reference work entry

Abstract

The human skin is the largest organ of the human body. Skin flora is a vital component of human biology and it has greater implications in skin health and some skin disease. In a healthy individual, bacterial flora serves to protect the host. On the other hand, when the skin barrier function is damaged or broken, the risk of developing skin infections is increased obviously. This review serves to highlight the current progress research in skin microbial composition and distribution of the skin flora have been associated with many skin disease, such as atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris and psoriasis.

Keywords

16S rRNA Acne vulgaris (AV) Atopic dermatitis (AD) Psoriasis vulgaris (PV) Skin flora Skin microbiome Vulvar skin 

References

  1. Allen HB, Jones NP, Bowen SE. Lichenoid and other clinical presentations of atopic dermatitis in an inner city practice. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:503–4.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Al-saimary IE, Bakr SS, Al-Hamdi KE. Staphylococcus aureus as a causative agent of atopic dermatitis/eczema syndrome (ADES) and its therapeutic implications. Internet J Dermatol. 2005;3(2):1.Google Scholar
  3. Aly R, Britz MB, Maibach HI. Quantitative microbiology of human vulva. Br J Dermatol. 1979;101:445–8.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Arun C, Palit IA. The genus Malassezia and human disease. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2003;69:265–70.Google Scholar
  5. Baker BS. The role of microorganisms in atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2006;144:1–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  6. Brown CJ, Wong M, Davis CC, et al. Preliminary characterization of the normal microbiota of the human vulva using cultivation-independent methods. J Med Microbiol. 2007;56:271–6.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Bruggemann H, Henne A, Hoster F, et al. The complete genome sequence of Propionibacterium acnes, a commensal of human skin. Science. 2004;305:671–3.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Callewaert C, Kerckhof FM, Granitsiotis MS, et al. Characterization of Staphylococcus and corynebacterium clusters in the human axillary region. PLoS One. 2013;8, e70538.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  9. Cunliffe WJ. Looking back to the future – acne. Dermatology. 2002;204:167–72.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Dunbar J, Barns SM, Ticknor LO, et al. Empirical and theoretical bacterial diversity in four Arizona soils. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68:3035–45.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  11. Fierer N, Hamady M, Lauber CL, et al. The influence of sex, handedness, and washing on the diversity of hand surface bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:17994–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  12. Gao Z, Tseng CH, Pei Z, et al. Molecular analysis of human forearm superficial skin bacterial biota. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:2927–32.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  13. Gao Z, Tseng CH, Strober BE, et al. Substantial alterations of the cutaneous bacterial biota in psoriatic lesions. PLoS One. 2008;3, e2719.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  14. Gomes PLR, Malavige GN, Fernando N, et al. Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus colonization in patients with atopic dermatitis in Sri Lanka. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2011;36(2):195–200.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Grice EA, Segre JA. The skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011;4:245–53.Google Scholar
  16. Grice EA, Kong HH, Renaud G, et al. A diversity profile of the human skin microbiota. Genome Res. 2008;18:1043–50.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  17. Guzik TJ, Bzowska M, Kasprowicz A, et al. Persistent skin colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis: relationship to clinical and immunological parameters. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005;35(4):448–55.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Haslund P, Bangsgaard N, Jarlov J, et al. Staphylococcus aureus and hand eczema severity. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161(4):772–7.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Higaki S, Kitagawa T, Kagoura M, et al. Correlation between Propionibacterium acnes biotypes, lipase activity and rash degree in acne patients. J Dermatol. 2000;27:519–22.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Hill SE, Yung A, Rademaker M. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and antibiotic resistance in children with atopic dermatitis: a New Zealand experience. Australas J Dermatol. 2011;52:27–31.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Hon KL, Lam MC, Leung TF, et al. Clinical features associated with nasal Staphylococcus aureus colonisation in Chinese children with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2005;34(10):602–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Isolauri E, Turjanmaa K. Combined skin prick and patch testing enhances identification of food allergy in infants with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;97:9–15.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Lindner MT, Johansson C, Scheynius A, et al. Positive atopic patch test reactions to Pityrosporum orbiculare in atopic dermatitis patients. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30:122–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Matsui K, Gilani SJ, Gonzalez M, et al. Staphylococcus aureus re-colonization in atopic dermatitis: beyond the skin. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2005;30(1):10–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Mikamo H, Kawazoe K, Sato Y, et al. Preterm labor and bacterial intra-amniotic infection: arachidonic acid liberation by phospholipase A2 of Prevotella bivia. Anaerobe. 1998;4:209–12.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Miyamoto T, Akiba S, Sato N, et al. Study of the vulvar skin in healthy Japanese women: components of the stratum corneum and microbes. Int J Dermatol. 2013;52:1500–5.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Mowad CM, McGinley KJ, Foglia A, et al. The role of extracellular polysaccharide substance produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis in miliaria. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;33:729–33.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Myhre AK, Bevanger LS, Berntzen K, et al. Anogenital bacteriology in non-abused preschool children: a descriptive study of the aerobic genital flora and the isolation of anogenital Gardnerella vaginalis. ACTA Paediatr. 2002;91:885–91.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Pezesk PFZ, Miri S, Ghasemi R, et al. Skin colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in patients with atopic dermatitis. Internet J Dermatol. 2007;5 (1). doi:10.5580/e93.Google Scholar
  30. Rippke F, Schreiner V, Schwanitz HJ. The acidic milieu of the horny layer: new findings on the physiology and pathophysiology of skin pH. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002;3:261–72.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Ro BI, Dawson TL. The role of sebaceous gland activity and scalp microfloral metabolism in the etiology of seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc. 2005;10:94–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Roth RR, James WD. Microbial ecology of the skin. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1988;42:441–64.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Salah SB, Makni F, Marrakchi S, et al. Identification of Malassezia species from Tunisian patients with pityriasis versicolor and normal subjects. Mycoses. 2005;48:242–5.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Serra E, Puig S, Otero D, et al. Confirmation of a double-hit model for the NF1 gene in benign neurofibromas. Am J Hum Genet. 1997;61:512–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  35. Shiraishi T, Fukuda K, Morotomi N, et al. Influence of menstruation on the microbiota of healthy women’s labia minora as analyzed using a 16S rRNA gene-based clone library method. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2011;64:76–80.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Takahata Y, Sugita T, Kato H, et al. Cutaneous Malassezia flora in atopic dermatitis differs between adults and children. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:1178–82.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.ShanghaiChina
  2. 2.Department of Skin and Cosmetic ResearchShanghai Skin Disease HospitalShanghaiChina
  3. 3.Department of DermatologyUniversity Hospital of BesançonBesançonFrance

Personalised recommendations