Mechanisms of Invasion and Metastasis: Cell Migration and Chemotaxis

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Abstract

For the acquisition of active motility, cancer cells must undergo a shape change to acquire a polarized phenotype, similar to locomoting leukocytes. Polarity of motile cells is characterized by a leading front and a rear region. Polarity of normal and neoplastic cells depends on a distinct cortical actin skeleton and the generation of various cell junctions. Several cytoskeletal proteins promote polarity in normal and transformed cells, including Hugl-1, radixin, and claudin-1. Cell surface proteins interacting with other cells and matrix transmit signals to the machinery which generates polarity and motility. The motile response of polarized tumor cells is associated with the biogenesis of several types of cell projections, including blebs, pseudopods, lamellipodia, filopodia, and cytonemes. The function of these projections in cell migration critically depends on a complex cytoskeletal machinery. The expression of polarity- and motility-associated proteins in normal and neoplastic cells is subject to epigenetic modifications, specifically to numerous types of microRNAs. Motility and migration are induced by two basic forms of chemical stimulation, i.e., chemokinesis (induced random motility) and chemotaxis (induced directed motility). Several chemokinetic and chemotactic factors have been identified in cancers.

Keywords

Hepatocyte Growth Factor Tumor Cell Migration Tumor Cell Motility Focal Adhesion Protein Apicobasal Polarity 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.University of BernBernSwitzerland

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