Metastatic Liver Disease: Pathological Aspects

Living reference work entry
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:

Abstract

Liver metastases represent a highly important issue in hepatobiliary oncology. In Europe and North America, metastases of various cancers to the liver predominate over primary hepatic neoplasms in a ratio of over 40:1. the majority of liver metastases in adult patients are carcinomas and malignant melanoma, followed by non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, other hematological neoplasms, germ cell tumors, and sarcomas. In the pediatric age-group, neuroblastoma and other small cellular blue tumors, PNETs, and hematological neoplasms metastasize to the liver. Hepatic metastases present in the form of several characteristic macroscopic growth patterns, including macronodular patterns, micrometastases, diffuse intrasinusidal metastasis, inductal growth metastasis, intraportal metastasis and other intravascular manifestations, and the rarer neoplastic lymphangiosis. Liver metastases occur as solitary or multiple lesions. In part of cases, a large solitary metastasis can be the source of secondary lesions through intrahepatic spread. Metastases in the subcapsular area of the liver cause umbilicated nodules and tumors that may involve adjacent structures, such as the diaphragm. Distinct metastatic growth patterns occur in cirrhotic livers.

Keywords

Portal Vein Liver Metastasis Hepatic Metastasis Needle Core Biopsy Colorectal Liver Metastasis 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. Abdelli N, Bouche O, Thiefin G, Renard P, Flament JB, Zeitoun P (1994) Subcutaneous seeding of the tract of percutaneous cytologic puncture with a fine needle of a hepatic metastasis from colonic adenocarc. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 18:652–656PubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Achard C, Laubry C (1902) Ascite latescente. Cancer du colon et cancer secondaire du foie attaint de cirrhose alcoolique hypertrophique. Bull Mem Soc Med Hop Paris 19:335–340Google Scholar
  3. Achen MG, Stacker SA (2006) Tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastatic spread – new players begin to emerge. Int J Cancer 199:1755–1760CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Achen MG, Stacker SA (2008) Molecular control of lymphatic metastasis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1131:225–234PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Akasofu M, Kawahara E, Kurumaya H, Nakanishi I (1993) Immunohistochemicsl detection of breast specific antigens and cytokeratins in metastatic breast carcinoma in the liver. Acta Pathol Jpn 43:736–744PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Aldrighetti L, Castoldi R, Di Palo S, Arru M, Stella M, Orsenigo E, Gavazzi F, Ferla G et al (2005) Prognostic factors for long-term outcome of hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases (in Italian). Chir Ital 57:55–570Google Scholar
  7. Allison KH, Fligner CL, Parks WT (2004) Radiographically occult, diffuse intrasinusoidal hepatic metastases from primary breast carcinomas: a clinicopathologic study of 3 autopsy cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 128:1418–1423PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Ambiru S, Miyazaki M, Isono T, Ito H, Nakagawa K, Shimizu H, Kusashio K, Furuya S, Nakajima N (1999) Hepatic resection for colorectal metastases: analysis of prognostic factors. Dis Colon Rectum 42:632–639PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Atri M, de Stempel J, Bret PM, Illescas FF (1990) Incidence of portal vein thrombosis complicating liver metastasis as detected by duplex ultrasound. J Ultrasound Med 9:285–289PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Augustin G, Bruketa T, Korolija D, Milosevic M (2013) Lower incidence of hepatic metastases of colorectal cancer in patients with chronic liver diseases: meta-analysis. Hepatogastroenterology 60:1164–1168PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Axe SR, Erozan YS, Ermatinger SV (1986) Fine-needle aspiration of the liver. A comparison of smear and rinse preparations in the detection of cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 86:281–285PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Bakalakos EA, Kim JA, Young DC, Martin EW (1998) Determinants of survival following hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer. World J Surg 22:399–404PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Bakalakos EA, Burak WE, Young DC, Martin EW (1999) Is carcino-embryonic antigen useful in the follow-up managment of patients with colorectal liver metastases? Am J Surg 177:2–6PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Beckurts KT, Hölscher AH, Thorban S et al (1997) Significance of lymph node involvement at the hepatic hilum in the resection of colorectal liver metastases. Br J Surg 84:1081–1084PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Bégin LR, Boucher D, Lamoureux E (2001) Diffuse hepatic intravascular carcinomatous embolization resulting in fatal liver failure: a clinicopathologic study of 4 cases. Pathol Res Pract 197:433–440PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Bell DA, Carr CP, Szyfelbein WM (1986) Fine needle aspiration cytology of focal liver lesions: results obtained with examination of both cytologic and histologic preparations. Acta Cytol 30:397–402PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Berge T, Saldeen T (1968) Cancer metastasis to the cirrhotic liver. A study of experimental and autopsy material. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 74:340–352PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Bernuau J, Rueff B, Benhamou JP (1986) Fulminant and subfulminant liver failure: definitions and causes. Semin Liver Dis 16:97–106CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Bonatti H, Bodner G, Obrist P, Bechter O, Wetscher G, Oefner D (2003) Skin implant metastasis after percutaneous radio-frequency therapy of liver metastasis of a colorectal carcinoma. Am Surg 69:763–765PubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Borthwick NJ, Thombs J, Polak M, Gabriel FG, Hungerford JL, Damato B et al (2011) The biology of micrometastases from uveal melanoma. J Clin Pathol 64:666–671PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Butler J, Attiyeh FF, Daly JM (1986) Hepatic resection for metastasis of the colon and rectum. Surg Gynecol Obstet 162:109–113PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Carpizo DR, Are C, Jarnagin W, Dematteo R, Fong Y, Gönen M, Blumgart L, D’Angelica M (2009) Liver resection for metastatic clorectal cancer in patients with concurrent extrahepatic disease: results in 127 patients treated at a single center. Ann Surg Oncol 16:2138PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Centeno BA (2006) Pathology of liver metastases. Cancer Control 13:13–26PubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Charalampopoulos A, Macheras A, Misiakos E, Batistatou A, Peschos D, Fotiadis K, Charalabopoulos K (2007) Thoracoabdominal wall tumour seeding after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for recurrent colorectal liver matastatic lesion: a case report with a brief literature review. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 70:239–242PubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Cianchi F, Messerini L, Palomba A, Boddi V, Perigli G, Pucciani F, Bechi P, Cortesini C (1997) Character of the invasive margin in colorectal cancer: does it improve prognostic information of Dukes staging? Dis Colon Rectum 40:1170–1175PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Ciancio G, Soloway M (2001) Renal cell carcinoma invading the hepatic veins. Cancer 92:1836–1842PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Cochand Priollet B, Chagnon S, Ferrand J, Blery M, Hoang C, Galian A (1987) Comparison of cytologic examination of smears and histologic examination of tissue cores obtained by fine needle aspiration biopsy of the liver. Acta Cytol 31:476–480PubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Colovic RB, Grubor NM, Jovanovic MD, Micev MT, Colovic NR (2007) Metastatic melanoma to the common bile duct causing obstructive jaundice: a case report. World J Gastroenterol 13:813–815PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Colwell H (1905) Malignant disease of the liver and bile passages. Arch Middlesex Hosp Lond 5:123–141Google Scholar
  30. Cornfield J (1959) Principles of research. Am J Ment Defic 64:240–252PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Crowe PJ, Yang JL, Berney CR, Erskine C, Ham JC, Fisher R, Russell PJ (2001) Genetic markers of survival and liver recurrence after resection of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. World J Surg 25:996–1001PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. De Jong KP, Stellema R, Karrenbeld A, Koudstaal J, Gouw AS, Sluiter WJ, Peeters PM et al (1998) Clinical relevance of transforming growth factor alpha, epidermal growth factor receptor, p53, and Ki67 in colorectal liver metastases and corresponding primary tumors. Hepatology 28:971–979PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Denton KJ, Cotton DWK, Nakielny RA, Goepel JR (1990) Secondary tumour deposits in needle biopsy tracks: an underestimated risk? J Clin Pathol 43:83PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. DiSibio G, French SW (2008) Metastatic patterns of cancers: results from a large autopsy study. Arch Pathol Lab Med 132:931–939PubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Doci R, Gennari L, Bignami P et al (1991) One hundred patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer treated by resection: analysis of prognostic determinants. Br J Surg 78:797–801PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Dromain C, de Baere T, Lumbroso J, Caillet H, Laplanche A, Boige V, Ducreux M et al (2005) Detection of liver metastases from endocrine tumors: a prospective comparison of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. J Clin Oncol 23:70–78PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Ekberg H, Tranberg KG, Andersson R, Lundstedt C, Hägerstrand I, Ranstam J, Bengmark S (1986) Determinants of survival in liver resection for colorectal secondaries. Br J Surg 73:727–731PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Elias D, Liberale G, Vernerey D, Pocard M, Ducreux M, Boige V, Malka D, Pignon JP, Lasser P (2005) Hepatic and extrahepatic colorectal metastases: when resectable, their localization does not matter, but their total number has a prognostic effect. Ann Surg Oncol 12:900–909PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Elmaci L, Ekinci G, Kurtkaya O, Sav A, Pamir MN (2001) Tumor in tumor metastasis of breast carcinoma to intracranial meningioma. Tumori 87:423–427PubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. Engels K, Kriener S, Hansmann ML (2002) Epidemiology and pathology of liver metastases (in German). In: Vogt T, Mack MG, Balzer JO (eds) Lebermetastase – diagnose, intervention, therapie, vol 3. Springer, Berlin, pp 1–10Google Scholar
  41. England MD, Sarr MG (1990) Metastatic melanoma: an unusual cause of obstructive jaundice. Surgery 107:595–596PubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. Faivre J, Manfredi S, Bouvier AM (2003) Epidemiology of colorectal cancer liver metastases (in French). Bull Acad Natl Med 187:815–822PubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. Fazio N, Di Meglio G, Lorizzo K, de Brand F (2008) Miliary hepatic metastases from neuroendocrine carcinoma. Dig Surg 25:330PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Fisher E, Fisher B (1960) Experimental studies of factors influencing hepatic metastases: effect of cirrhosis. Cancer 13:860–864PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Fisher E, Hellstrom H, Fisher B (1960) Rarity of hepatic metastasis in cirrhosis: a misconception. JAMA 174:366–369PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Fornari F, Civardi G, Cavanna L, Di Stasi M, Rossi S, Sbolli G et al (1989) Complications of ultrasonically guided fine-needle abdominal biopsy. Results of a multicenter Italian study and review of the literature The Cooperative Italian Study Group Scand. J Gastroenterol 24:949–955Google Scholar
  47. Fournier C, Tisman G, Kleinman R, Park Y, Macdonald WD (2010) Clinical evidence for overcoming capecitabine resistance in a woman with breast cancer terminating in radiologically occult micronodular pseudo-cirrhosis with portal hypertension: a case report. J Med Case Reports 4:112PubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. Gall EA (1960) Primary and metastatic carcinoma of the liver. Relationship to hepatic cirrhosis. Arch Pathol 70:226–232PubMedGoogle Scholar
  49. Gayowski TJ, Iwatsuki S, Madariaga JR, Selby R, Todo S, Irish W, Starzl TE (1994) Experience in hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: analysis of clinical and pathologic risk factors. Surgery 116:703–710PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  50. Gayral F, Dervanian P, Larrieu H (1990) Tumoral seeding after percutaneous liver biopsy of colonic metastasis (in French). Gastroenterol Clin Biol 14:685–686PubMedGoogle Scholar
  51. Gervaz P, Pak-art R, Nivatvongs S, Wolff BG, Larson D, Ringel S (2003) Colorectal adenocarcinoma in cirrhotic patients. J Am Coll Surg 196:874–879PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. Gibbs JF, Weber TK, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Driscoll DL, Petrelli NJ (1998) Intraoperative determinants of unresectability for patients with colorectal hepatic metastases. Cancer 82:1244–1249PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Glaser KS, Weger AR, Schmid KW, Bodner E (1989) Is fine-needle aspiration of tumours harmless? Lancet 1:620PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Goldstein MJ (1969) Metastases in the cirrhotic liver. N Engl J Med 281:221PubMedGoogle Scholar
  55. Goldstein MJ, Mitchell EP (2005) Carcinoembryonic antigen in the staging and follow-up of patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer Invest 23:338–351PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. Goldstein MJ, Frable WJ, Sherlock P (1966) Hepatic metastases and portal cirrhosis. Am J Med Sci 252:26–30PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Goletti O, Chiarugi M, Buccianti P, Macchiarini P (1992) Subcutaneous implantation of liver metastasis after fine needle biopsy. Eur J Surg Oncol 18:636–637PubMedGoogle Scholar
  59. Gusterson BA (2003) The new TNM classification and micrometastases. Breast 12:387–390PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. Hall JW, Sun SC (1951) The effect of portal cirrhosis on the development of carcinomas. Cancer 4:131–135PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. Hamady ZZ, Cameron IC, Wyatt J, Prasad RK, Toogood GJ, Lodge JP (2006) Resection margin in patients undergoing hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastasis: a critical appraisal of the 1 cm rule. Eur J Surg Oncol 32:557–563PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. Hamaya K, Hashimoto H, Maeda Y (1975) Metastatic carcinoma in cirrhotic liver – statistical survey of autopsies in Japan. Acta Pathol Jpn 25:153–159PubMedGoogle Scholar
  63. Hanot V, Gilbert A (1888) Etudes sur les maladies du foie. Asselin & Houzeau, ParisGoogle Scholar
  64. Harrison HB, Middleton HM, Crosby JH, Dasher MN (1981) Fulminant hepatic failure: an unusual presentation of metastatic liver disease. Gastroenterology 80:820–825PubMedGoogle Scholar
  65. Hayashi S, Masuda H, Shigematsu M (1997) Liver metastasis rare in colorectal cancer patients with fatty liver. Hepatogastroenterology 44:1069–1075PubMedGoogle Scholar
  66. Heisterkamp J, van Bommel J, Hop WC, Tilanus HW, Zondervan PE, Ijzermans JN (1999) P53 overexpression in colorectal metastases confined to the liver and outcome of liver resection. Hepatogastroenterology 46:3109–3114PubMedGoogle Scholar
  67. Henrion J, Hautekeete M, Brenard R, Schapira M, Somers G, Geubel A, Schmitz A et al (1996) Fulminant and sub-fulminant hepatocellular failure caused by metastatic invasiveness of the liver: another cause of hypoxic hepatitis? (in French). Gastroenterol Clin Biol 20:535–543PubMedGoogle Scholar
  69. Hermanek P (1999) Disseminated tumor cells versus micrometastasis: definitions and problems. Anticancer Res 19:2771–2774PubMedGoogle Scholar
  70. Hermanek P, Hutter RVP, Sobin LH, Wittekind C (1999) Classification of isolated tumor cells and micrometastasis. Cancer 86:2668–2673PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. Herszenyi L, Farinati F, Cecchetto A, Marafin C, de Maria N, Cardin R et al (1995) Fine-needle biopsy in focal liver lesions: the usefulness of a screening programme and the role of cytology and microhistology. Ital J Gastroenterol 27:473–478PubMedGoogle Scholar
  72. Heslin MJ, Medina-Franco H, Parker M, Vickers SM, Aldrete J, Urist MM (2001) Colorectal hepatic metastases: resection, local ablation, and hepatic artery infusion pump are associated with prolonged survival. Arch Surg 136:318–323PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. Hollerbach S, Willert J, Topalidis T, Reiser M, Schmiegel W (2003) Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of liver lesions: histological and cytological assessment. Endoscopy 35:743–749PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. Hosch SB, Steffani KD, Scheunemann P, Izbicki JR (2002) Micrometastases from HBP malignancies and metastatic cancer. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 9:583–591PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. Iacobuzio-Donahue C, Ferrelll L (2010) Secondary tumours of the liver. In: Bosman F, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (eds) WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system. International Agency for Research of Cancer, LyonGoogle Scholar
  76. Iascone C, Rupero M, Barillari P (2005) Occurrence of synchronous colorectal cancemetastasis in the cirrhotic or fatty liver (in Italian). Minerva Chir 60:185–190PubMedGoogle Scholar
  77. Imamura H, Matsuyama Y, Shimada R, Kubota M, Nakayama A, Kobayashi A, Kitamura H et al (2001) A study of factors influencing prognosis after resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal and gastric carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 96:3178–3184PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. Ishizaki N, Hamada N, Kadono J, Nakamura N, Taira A (2001) Obstructive jaundice caused by lymphatic remetastasis from the hepatic metastasis of rectosigmoid cancer. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 8:469–472PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. Isono T, Miyazaki M, Nakajima T, Okui K, Kondo Y (1990) Clinicopathological significance of intrahepatic micrometastases in hepatic metastatic carcinomas (in Japanese). Nihon Geka Gakkai Zasshi 91:1778–1783PubMedGoogle Scholar
  81. Ito K, Higuchi M, Kada T, Mitchell DG, Nomura S, Honjo K, Fujita T, Awaya H, Matsumoto T et al (1997) CT of acquired abnormalities of the portal venous system. Radiographics 17:897–917PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. Itoh T, Kanaoka M, Obara A, Furuta M, Itoh H (1988) Lymphangiosis carcinomatosa of the liver. Acta Pathol Jpn 38:751–758PubMedGoogle Scholar
  83. Itoh T, Itoh H, Konishi J (1991) Lymphangitic liver metastasis: radiologic-pathologic correlations. J Comput Assist Tomogr 15:401–404PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. Iwatsuki S, Esquivel CO, Gordon RD, Starkl TE (1986) Liver resection for metastatic colorectal cancer. Surgery 100:804–809PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  85. Iwatsuki S, Dvorchik I, Madariaga JR, Marsh JW, Dodson F, Bonham AC, Geller DA et al (1999) Hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoam: a proposal of a prognostic scoring system. J Am Coll Surg 189:291–299PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. Jacobsen GK, Gammelgaard J, Fugio M (1983) Coarse needle biopsy versus fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of focal lesions of the liver: ultrasonically guided needle biopsy in suspected hepatic malignancy. Acta Cytol 27:152–156PubMedGoogle Scholar
  87. Jaeck D, Bachellier P, Guiguet M et al (1997) Long-term survival following resection of colorectal hepatic metastases. Association Française de Chirurgie. Br J Surg 84:1081–1084CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. Jaffe ES (1987) Malignant lymphomas: pathology of hepatic involvement. Semin Liver Dis 7:257–268PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. John TG, Garden OJ (1993) Needle track seeding of primary and secondary liver carcinoma after percutaneous liver biopsy. HPB Surg 6:199–203PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. Jones OM, Rees M, John TG, Bygrave S, Plant G (2005) Biopsy of resectable colorectal liver metastases causes tumour dissemination and adversely affects survival after liver resection. Br J Surg 92:1165–1168PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. Jourdan JL, Stubbs RS (1996) Percutaneous biopsy of operable liver lesions: is it necessary or advisable? N Z Med J 109:469–470PubMedGoogle Scholar
  94. Karube H, Masuda H, Hayashi S, Ishii Y, Nemoto N (2000) Fatty liver suppressed the angiogenesis in liver metastatic lesions. Hepatogasroenterology 47:1541–1545Google Scholar
  97. Kern WH, Haber H (1986) Fine needle aspiration minibiopsies. Acta Cytol 30:403–408PubMedGoogle Scholar
  98. Khalil HI, Patterson SA, Panicek DM (2005) Hepatic lesions deemed too small to characterized at CT: prevalence and importance in women with breast cancer. Radiology 235:872–878PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. Kim JC, Roh SA, Kim HC, Koo KH, Cho YK, Yu CS, Kwon YM, Kim JS (2003) Coexpression of carcinoembryonic antigen and E-cadherin in colorectal adenocarcinoma with liver metastasis. J Gastrointest Surg 7:931–938PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. Kohler B, Riemann JF (1987) Obstructive jaundice due to an intraductal melanoma metastasis. Endoscopy 19:79–80PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. Koike M, Yasui K, Torii A, Kodama S (2000) Prognostic significance of entrapped liver cells in hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 232:653–657PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  102. Kokudo N, Miki Y, Sugai S, Yanagisawa A, Kato Y, Sakamoto Y, Yamamoto J, Yamaguchi T, Muto T, Makuuchi M (2002) Genetic and histological assessment of surgical margins in resected liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma: minimum surgical margins for successful resection. Arch Surg 137:833–840PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. Korita PV, Wakai T, Shirai Y, Sakata J, Takizawa K, Cruz PV, Ajioka Y, Hatakeyama K (2007) Intrahepatic lymphatic invasion independently predicts poor survival and recurrences after hepatectomy in patients with colorectal carcinoma liver metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 14:3472–3480PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  104. Krauss EA, Ludwig PW, Sumner HW (1979) Metastatic carcinoma presenting as fulminant hepatic failure. Am J Gastroenterol 72:651–654PubMedGoogle Scholar
  106. Kumar S, Weaver VM (2009) Mechanics, malignancy, and metastasis: the force journey of a tumor cell. Cancer Metastasis Rev 28:113–127PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. Kume H, Kameyama S, Kasuya Y, Taijima A, Kawabe K (1999) Surgical treatment of renal cell carcinoma associated with Budd-Chiari syndrome: report of four cases and review of the literature. Eur J Surg Oncol 25:71–75PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  108. Larsen LP, Rosenkilde M, Christensen H, Bang N, Bolvig L, Christiansen T, Laurberg S (2007) The value of contrast enhanced ultrasonography in detection of liver metastases from colorectal cancer: a prospective double-blinded study. Eur J Radiol 62:302–307PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  109. Letessier E, Gibaud H, Hamy A, Cuillière P, Paineau J, Visset J (1994) Intraluminal polyp of the common bile duct corresponding to a metastasis of cancer of the kidney (in French). Ann Chir 48:201–205PubMedGoogle Scholar
  111. Lim GH, Koh DC, Cheong WK, Wong KS, Tsang CB (2009) Natural history of small, “indeterminate” hepatic lesions in patients with colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 52:1487–1491PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  113. Lin BP, Chu JM, Rose RA (1991) Ultrasound guided fine needle biopsy of the liver for cytology and histology. Australas Radiol 35:33–37PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  114. Lisa JR, Solomon C, Gordon EJ (1942) Secondary carcinoma in cirrhosis of the liver. Am J Pathol 18:137–140PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  115. Liu SY, Lee KF, Lai PB (2009) Needle track seeding: a real hazard after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for colorectal liver metastasis. World J Gastroenterol 15:1653–1655PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  116. Livraghi T, Damascelli B, Lombardi C, Spagnoli I (1983) Risk in fine-needle abdominal biopsy. J Clin Ultrasound 11:77–81PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  117. Livraghi T, Lazzaroni S, Meloni F, Solbiati L (2005) Risk of tumour seeding after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 92:856–858PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  118. Logan SE, Meier SJ, Ramming K, Morton DL, Longmire WP (1982) Hepatic resection of metastatic colorectal carcinoma. A ten year experience. Arch Surg 117:25–28PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  119. Mainland D (1953) The risk of fallacious conclusions from autopsy data on the incidence of diseases with applications to heart disease. Am Heart J 45:644–654PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  120. Manfredi S, Lepage C, Hatem C, Coatmeur O, Faivre J, Bouvier AM (2006) Epidemiology and management of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 244:254–259PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  121. Marangoni G, O’Sullivan A, Ali A, Faraj W, Heaton N (2010) Budd-Chiari syndrome secondary to caval recurrence of renal cell carcinoma. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 9:321–324PubMedGoogle Scholar
  122. Marn CS, Francis IR (1992) CT of portal venous occlusion. AJR Am J Roentgenol 159:717–726PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  123. Martin MD, Kremers GJ, Short KW, Rocheleau JV, Xu L, Piston DW, Matrisian LM et al (2010) Rapid extravsation and establishment of breast cancer micrometastases in the liver microenvironment. Mol Cancer Res 8:1319–1327PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  124. Masuda N, Shiraishi Y, Okubo K, Okada T, Segawa T, Takada M, Kawakita M (2009) A case report of renal cell carcinoma with metastatic intraductal tumor thrombus of the common bile duct (in Japanese). Hinyokika Kiyo 55:99–102PubMedGoogle Scholar
  125. Matsumoto S, Mori H, Ando Y, Miyake H (2004) Lymphangiosis carcinomatosa of the liver deriving from gastric carcinoma with a unique branching calcification. Eur Radiol 14:1519–1520PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  127. McGrath FP, Gibney RG, Rowley VA, Scudamore CH (1991) Cutaneous seeding following fine needle biopsy of colonic liver metastases. Clin Radiol 43:130–131PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  128. Melato M, Laurino L, Mucli E, Valente M, Okuda K (1989) Relationship between cirrhosis, liver cancer, and hepatic metastases. An autopsy study. Cancer 64:455–459PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  129. Metcalfe MS, Bridgewater FHG, Mullin EJ, Maddern GJ (2004) Useless and dangerous – fine needle aspiration of hepatic colorectal metastases. Br Med J 328:507–508CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  130. Mikuriya Y, Tashiro H, Kuroda S, Nambu J, Kobayashi T, Amano H, Tanaka Y, Ohdan H (2015) Fatty liver creates a pro-metastatic microenvironment for hepatocellular carcinoma through activation of hepatic stellate cells. Int J Cancer 136:E3–E13PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  131. Minagawa M, Makuuchi M, Torzilli G, Takayama T, Kawasaki S, Kosuge T, Yamamoto J et al (2000) Extension of the frontiers of surgical indications in the treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer: long-term results. Ann Surg 231:487–499PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  132. Mirouze D, Michel H (1982) Non-hepatic cancer in cirrhotic patients. Apropos of 19 patients (in French). Acta Gastroenterol Belg 45:379–385PubMedGoogle Scholar
  133. Miyaaki H, Ichikawa T, Taura N, Yamashima M, Arai H, Obata Y, Furusu A, Hayashi H et al (2010) Diffuse liver metastasis of small cell lung cancer causing marked hepatomegaly and fulminant hepatic failure. Intern Med 49:1383–1386PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  134. Miyagishima T, Ohnishi S, Chuma M, Kishimoto A, Kumagai K, Ishizuka J, Kobayashi T et al (1996) Intraluminal tumor of the common bile duct as a metastasis of renal cell carcinoma. Intern Med 35:720–723PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  135. Morelli L, Faraci R, Piscioli I, Pusiol T, Del Nonno F, Licci S (2007) Colon carcinoma metastasis to the intrapancreatic tract of the common biliary duct: a first case report. Scand J Gastroenterol 42:777–778PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  136. Morita S, Nomura T, Fukushima Y, Hiraoka N, Shibata N (2004) Does serum CA19-9 play a practical role in the management of patients wirth colorectal cancer? Dis Colon Rectum 47:227–232PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  137. Murono K, Kitayama J, Tsuno NH, Nozawa H, Kawai K, Sunami E, Akahane M, Watanabe T (2013) Hepatic steatosis is associated with lower incidence of liver metastasis from colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 28:1065–1072PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  138. Nagashima I, Oka T, Hamada C, Naruse K, Osada T, Muto T (1999) Histopathological prognostic factors influencing long-term prognosis after surgical resection for hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 94:739–743PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  139. Nagata S, Tomoeda M, Kubo C, Yoshizawa H, Yuki M, Kitamura M, Takenaka A, Uehara H et al (2012) Intraductal polypoid growth variant of pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma metastasizing to the intrahepatic bile duct 6 years after surgery: a case report and literature review. Pancreatology 12:23–26PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  140. Nagler and Rochwarger (1977) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/615806
  141. Nakanuma Y et al (2011) Intraductal papillary growth of liver metastasis originating from colon carcinoma in the bile duct: report of a case. Surg Today 41:276–280PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  143. Nakayama H, Takayama T, Hemmi A (2005) Small necrotic liver metastasis with microscopic tumor embolism in hepatic vein: a case report and review of the literature. Int Surg 90:293–296PubMedGoogle Scholar
  144. Neubauer K, Saile B, Ramadori G (2001) Liver fibrosis and altered matrix synthesis. Can J Gastroenterol 15:187–193PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  145. Nitti D, Belluco C, Montesco MC, Bertorelle R, Da Pian PP, Fassina A, Ninfo V, Chieco-Bianchi L, Lise M (1998) Nuclear p53 protein expression in resected hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: an independent prognostic factor of survival. Eur J Cancer 34:851–855PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  146. Nojima H, Cho A, Yamamoto H, Nagata M, Takiguchi N, Kainuma O, Souda H, Gunji H et al (2008) Renal cell carcinoma with unusual metastasis to the gallbladder. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 15:209–212PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  147. Nomura T, Kamio Y, Takasu N, Moriya T, Takeshita A, Mizutani M, Hachiya O, Hirai I et al (2009) Intrahepatic micrometastases around liver metastases from gastric cancer. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 16:493–501PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  148. Nordlinger B, Guigeut M, Vaillant JC et al (1996) Surgical resection of colorectal carcinoma metastases of the liver. A prognostic scoring system to improve case selection, based on 1568 patients. Cancer 77:1254–1262PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  150. Norkin S, Heimann R, Fahimi H (1962) Neoplasm, cirrhosis and hepatic metastases. Cancer 15:1004–1008PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  152. Ohlsson B, Stenram U, Tranberg KG (1998) Resection of colorectal liver metastases: 25-year experience. World J Surg 22:268–276PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  153. Ohlsson B, Nilsson J, Stenram U, Akerman M, Tranberg KG (2002) Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis and management of liver tumours. Br J Surg 89:757–762PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  155. Okano K, Yamamoto J, Kosuge T, Yamamoto S, Sakamoto M, Nakanishi Y, Hirohashi S (2000) Fibrous pseudocapsule of metastatic liver tumors from colorectal carcinoma. Clinicopathologic study of 152 first resection cases. Cancer 89:267–275PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  156. Onodera H, Mori A, Nagayama S, Fujimoto A, Tachibana T, Yonenaga Y, Tsuruyama T (2005) Fas/CD95 signaling rather than angiogenesis or proliferative activity is a useful prognostic factor in patients with resected liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 20:477–484PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  157. Otranto M, Sarrazy V, Bonté F, Hinz B, Gabbiani G, Desmouliere A (2012) The role of the myofibroblast in tumor stroma remodeling. Cell Adh Migr 6:203–219PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  159. Parquier JN, Peetrons P, Liénard D, Maisonnier H, Jeamart L (1991) Jaundice secondary to a metastasis of a malignant melanoma at the level of the common bile duct (in French). J Belge Radiol 74:201–204PubMedGoogle Scholar
  160. Pearl R (1929) Cancer and tuberculosis. Am J Hyg 9:97–159Google Scholar
  161. Pedersen IK, Burcharth F, Roikjaer O, Baden H (1994) Resection of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Indications and results. Dis Colon Rectum 37:1078–1082PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  162. Peichl S, Chaloupka F, Krivohlavy A (1978) Problem of tumor metastasizing into cirrhotic liver (in Czech). Vnitr Lek 24:338–343Google Scholar
  163. Pereira-Lima JE, Lichtenfels E, Barbosa FS, Zettler CG, Kulczynski JM (2003) Prevalence study of metastases in cirrhotic livers. Hepatogastroenterology 50:1490–1495PubMedGoogle Scholar
  164. Pérez Flores R, Cortés Cansino J, Oliva Aldamiz H, Hernandez Quoi C (1987) Hepatic cirrhosis with and without implanted carcinoma. Apropos of 100 cases with necropsy (in Spanish). Rev Clin Esp 181:356–360PubMedGoogle Scholar
  165. Pichon N, Delage-Corre M, Paraf F (2004) Hepatic metastatic miliaria from a malignant melanoma: 2 case reports (in French). Gastroenterol Clin Biol 28:593–595PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  166. Poulain A (1899) Cancer de l’estomac. Noyaux secondaires développés dans un foie cirrhotique. Bull Soc Anat Paris 1:1089–1093Google Scholar
  168. Probst-Cousin S, Schaus M, Feldt B, Al-Dandashi N, Gullotta F (1997) Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor with extensive miliary metastases: a case report. Gen Diagn Pathol 142:357–360PubMedGoogle Scholar
  169. Rajvanshi P, Kowdley KV, Hirota WK, Meyers JB, Keeffe EB (2005) Fulminant hepatic failure secondary to neoplastic infiltration of the liver. J Clin Gastroenterol 39:339–343PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  170. Registry of Hepatic Metastases (1988) Resection of the liver for colorectal carcinoma metastases: a multi-institutional study of indications for resection. Surgery 103:278–288PubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  171. Riopel MA, Klimstra DS, Godellas CV, Blumgart LH, Westra WH (1997) Intrabiliary growth of metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma: a pattern of intrahepatic spread easily confused with primary neoplasia of the biliary tract. Am J Surg Pathol 21:1030–1036PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  172. Rixen D, Köhler L, Troidl H (1998) Coincidental finding of hepatic carcinoid micrometastases during routine laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 12:281–282PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  173. Rockstroh H, Schröter H (1960) Die Häufigkeit des Krebses beim diabetes mellitus (The frequency of cancer in diabetes mellitus). Munch Med Wochenschr 102:897–901PubMedGoogle Scholar
  174. Rolleston HD, McNee JW (1929) Diseases of the liver, gall-bladder and bile ducts, 3rd edn. Macmillan & Co., Ltd., LondonGoogle Scholar
  175. Roussel F (1990) Risk of metastasis during fine needle aspiration. J Clin Pathol 43:878–879PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  176. Roussel F, Dalion J, Benozio M (1989) The risk of tumoral seeding in needle biopsies. Acta Cytol 6:936–939Google Scholar
  177. Rowbotham D, Wendon J, Williams R (1998) Acute liver failure in hepatic infiltration: a single centre experience of 18 cases. Gut 42:576–580PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  178. Ruebner BH, Green R, Miyai K, Caranasos G, Abbey H (1961) The rarity of intrahepatic metastasis in cirrhosis of the liver. A statistical explanation with some comments on the interpretation of necropsy data. Am J Pathol 39:739–746PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  179. Sakai Y, Kanomata N, Itami H, Kajimoto K, Sakuma T, Ohbayashi C (2010) Signet-ring cell carcinoma of the stomach metastasizing to renal cell carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature. Kobe J Med Sci 55:E122–E131PubMedGoogle Scholar
  180. Sanz A, del Valle ML (2004) Fine needle aspiration of hepatic colorectal metastases: fine needle aspiration has its place. Br Med J 329:290CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  181. Sarwar S, Khan AA (2008) Budd Chiari syndrome: a rare complication of renal cancer. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 18:726–727PubMedGoogle Scholar
  182. Sasaki A, Aramaki M, Kawano K, Yasuda K, Inomata M, Kitano S (2002) prognostic significance of intrahepatic lymphatic invasion in patients with hepatic resection due to metastases from colorecral carcinoma. Cancer 95:105–111PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  183. Sasaki A, Iwashita Y, Shibata K, Matsumoto T, Ohta M, Inomata M, Kitano S (2005a) Risk factors for early extrahepatic metastasis in patients with liver metastasis from colorectal carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 52:1840–1844PubMedGoogle Scholar
  184. Sasaki A, Kawano K, Inomata M, Shibata K, Matsumoto T, Kitano S (2005b) Value of serum carbohydrate antigen 19–9 for predicting extrahepatic metastasis in patients with liver metastasis from clorectal carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 52:1814–1819PubMedGoogle Scholar
  185. Satoh H, Iyama A, Hidaka K, Nakashiro H, Harada S, Hisatsugu T (1991) Metastatic carcinoma of the gallbladder from renal cancer presenting as intraluminal polypoid mass. Dig Dis Sci 36:520–523PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  186. Sautereau D, Vire O, Cazes PY, Cazals JB, Catanzano G, Claude R, Pillegand B (1987) Value of sonographically guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in evaluating the liver with sonographic abnormalities. Gastroenterology 93:715–718PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  187. Saw RP, Koorey D, Painter D, Gallagher PJ, Solomon MJ (2002) P53, DCC and thymidylate synthase as predictors of survival after resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 89:1409–1415PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  188. Schaffner F, Poper H (1963) Capillarization of hepatic sinusoids in man. Gastroenterology 44:239–242PubMedGoogle Scholar
  189. Scheele J, Altendorf-Hofmann A (1990) Tumour implantation from needle biopsy of hepatic metastases. Hepatogastroenterology 37:335–337PubMedGoogle Scholar
  190. Scheele J, Stang R, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Paul M (1995) Resection of colorectal liver metastases. World J Surg 19:59–71PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  191. Scheele J, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Stangl R, Schmidt K (1996) Surgical resection of colorectal liver metastases:gold standard for solitary and radically resectable lesions (in German). Swiss Surg (Suppl 4):4–17Google Scholar
  192. Schimanski CC, Möhler M, Zimmermann T, Gockel I, Lang H, Arbogast R, Jäger D et al (2010) Detection of hepatic micrometastases in the context of adjuvant chemotherapy and surgery for hepatic metastases (in German). Dtsch Med Wochenschr 135:1078–1082PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  193. Schindl M, Wigmore SJ, Currie EJ, Laengle F, Garden OJ (2005) Prognostic scoring in colorectal cancer liver metastases: development and validation. Arch Surg 140:183–189PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  194. Schneider and Cohen (1984) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6695227
  195. Schulz W, Hort W (1981) The distribution of metastases in the liver. A quantitative postmortem study. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat 394:89–96PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  196. Seifert JK, Böttger TC, Weigel TF, Gönner U, Junginger T (2000) Prognostic factors following liver resection for hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 47:239–246PubMedGoogle Scholar
  197. Seitz JF, Giovannini M, Monges G, Rosello R, Hassoun J, Mazel C, Gauthier A (1990) Comparative study of fine needle aspiration and large caliber needle biopsy under echographic control fort he diagnosis of abdominal tumors (in French). Gastroenterol Clin Biol 14:529–533PubMedGoogle Scholar
  198. Senda T, Sawada S, Okuda Y, Kobayashi M, Tanigawa N (1995) CT demonstration of portal vein remnant within metastatic liver tumor. J Comput Assist Tomogr 19:135–137PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  199. Servois V, Mariani P, Malhaire C, Petras S, Piperno-Neumann S, Plancher C, Levy-Gabriel C et al (2010) Preoperative stahing of liver metastases from uveal melanoma by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Eur J Surg Oncol 36:189–194PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  200. Shibayama Y, Hashimoto K, Nakata K (1991) Focal veno-occlusive lesions following metastasis of cancer in the liver with special reference to obstruction of lymphatics in hepatic veins. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 418:169–174PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  201. Shih KL, Yen HH, Su WW, Soon MS, Hsia CH, Lin YM (2009) Fulminant Budd-Chiari syndrome caused by renal cell carcinomawith hepatic vein invasion: report of a case. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21:222–224PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  202. Shirabe K, Takenaka K, Gion T, Fujiwara Y, Shimada M, Yanaga K, Maeda T, Kajiyama K, Sugimachi K (1997) Analaysis of prognostic risk factors in hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal carcinoma with special reference to the surgical margin. Br J Surg 84:1077–1080PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  203. Silva MA, Hegab B, Hyde C, Guo B, Buckels JA, Mirza DF (2008) Neddle track seeding following biopsy of liver lesions in the diagnosis of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut 57:1592–1596PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  204. Simunek R, Sirotek L, Sefr R (2011) Renal cancer metastasis into common bile duct (in Czech). Rozhl Chir 90:190–193PubMedGoogle Scholar
  205. Siu DC, Lam CM, Yuen ST, Fan ST (1999) Carcinoma of the colon with synchronous hepatic metastasis in a cirrhotic liver harboring a hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 46:2355–2357PubMedGoogle Scholar
  206. Smith EH (1984) The hazards of fine needle aspiration biopsy. Ultrasound Med Biol 10:629–634PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  207. Smith EH (1991) Complications of percutaneous abdominal fine-needle biopsy. Review. Radiology 178:253–258PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  208. Sobin LH (2003) TNM, sixth edition: new developments in general concepts and rules. Semin Surg Oncol 21:19–22PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  209. Stewart CJ, Coldewey J, Stewart IS (2002) Comparison of fine needle aspiration cytology and needle core biopsy in the diagnosis of radiologically detected abdominal lesions. J Clin Pathol 55:93–97PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  210. Stigliano R, Marelli L, Yu D, Davies N, Patch D, Burroughs AK (2007) Sedding following percutaneous diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for hepatocellular carcinoma. What ist he risk and the outcome? Seeding risk for percutaneous approach of HCC. Cancer Treat Rev 33:437–447PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  212. Suwa H, Hosotani R, Okino T, Monden K, Arii S, Inoue K, Kogire M, Ohshio G, Fukumoto M et al (1999) Detection of multiple hepatic micrometastases in pancreatic adenocarcinoma with a solitary liver metastasis by direct sequencing of the K-ras gene: a case report. Surgery 125:113–116PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  214. Tada H, Morimoto M, Shima T, Hirana H, Nakagawa Y, Shimamoto K, Nagano N (1996) Progressive jaundice due to lymphangiosis carcinomatosa of the liver: CT appearance. J Comput Assist Tomogr 20:650–652PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  216. Tamura R, Masuda H, Ishii Y, Nemoto N (1999) Relationship between fatty liver and liver metastasis in rats given injection of rat colon cancer cell line. Hepatogastroenterology 46:167–171PubMedGoogle Scholar
  217. Tanaka K, Shimada H, Miura M, Fujii Y, Yamaguchi S, Endo I, Sekido H, Togo S, Ike H (2004) Metastatic tumor doubling time: most important prehepatectomy predictor of survival and nonrecurrence of hepatic colorectal cancer metastasis. World J Surg 28:263–270PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  218. Timar J, Csuka O, Orosz Z, Jeney A, Kopper L (2001) Molecular pathology of tumor metastasis. I. Predictive pathology. Pathol Oncol Res 7:217–230PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  220. Tot T (2000) The role of cytokeratins 20 and 7 and estrogen receptor analysis in separation of metastatic lobular carcinoma of the breast and metastatic signet ring cell carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract. APMIS 108:467–472PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  221. Tsai YY, Lu SN, Changchien CS, Wang JH, Lee CM, Eng HL, Chang WC (2002) Combined cytologic and histologic diagnosis of liver tumors via one-shot aspiration. Hepatogastroenterology 49:644–647PubMedGoogle Scholar
  222. Ueda K, Ohori M, Taka J, Kusano M (2002) Metastatic biliary polypoid thrombus from renal cell carcinoma: report of a case. Surg Today 32:458–461PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  223. Uetsuji S, Yamamura M, Yamamichi K, Okuda Y, Takada H, Hioki K (1992) Absence of colorectal cancer metastatic to the cirrhotic liver. Am J Surg 164:176–177PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  225. Van Boeckrijck M, Klöppel G (1992) Incidence and morphology of liver metastasis from extrahepatic malignancies to cirrhotic livers. Zentralbl Pathol 138:91–96Google Scholar
  226. Vergara V, Garripoli A, Marucci MM, Bonino F, Capussotti L (1993) Colon cancer seeding after percutaneous fine needle aspiration of liver metastasis. J Hepatol 18:276–278PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  229. Wallach JB, Hyman W, Angrist AA (1953) Metastasis to liver in portal cirrhosis. Am J Clin Pathol 23:989–993PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  230. Wanebo HJ, Chu QD, Vezeridis MP, Soderberg C (1996) Patient selection for hepatic resection of colorectal metastases. Arch Surg 131:322–329PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  233. Weber JC, Nakano H, Bachellier P, Oussoultzoglou E, Inoue K, Shimura H, Wolf P, Chenard-Neu MP, Jaeck D (2001) Is a proliferation index of cancer cells a reliable prognostic factor after hepatectomy in patients with colorectal liver metastases? Am J Surg 182:81–88PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  234. Wegener F (1961) Metastatic-carcinomatous liver cirrhosis (in German). Acta Hepatosplenol 8:14–24Google Scholar
  235. Weiss L, Gilbert HA (1982) Liver metastases. G.K. Hall Medical Publsihers, BostonGoogle Scholar
  236. White WH (1897) Tumours of the liver. In: Albutt TC (ed) A system of medicine, vol 4. The Macmillan Co, New York, p 208Google Scholar
  237. Willis RA (1973) Spread of tumors in the human body. Butterworth and Co., LondonGoogle Scholar
  238. Yamada H, Kondo S, Okushiba S, Morikawa T, Katoh H (2001) Analysis of predictive factors for recurrence after hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases. World J Surg 25:1129–1133PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  239. Yamamoto K, Phillips MJ (1986) Three-dimensional observation of the intrahepatic lymphatics by scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts. Anat Rec 214:67–70PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  242. Yamamoto N, Sugano N, Morinaga S, Kanazawa A, Inagaki D, Shiozawa M, Rino Y et al (2011) Massive portal vein tumor thrombus colorectal cancer without any metastatic nodules in the liver parenchyma. Rare Tumors 3:e47PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  243. Yanagizawa R, Karasawa E, Iiizumi T, Tominaga T, Asano M (1983) Case of renal cell carcinoma causing Budd-Chiari syndrome by tumor thrombus of inferior vena cava (in Japanese). Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 74:1692–1699PubMedGoogle Scholar
  245. Yang JL, Ow KT, Russell PJ, Ham JM, Crowe PJ (1996) Higher expression of oncoproteins c-myc, c-erbB-2/neu, PCNA, and p53 in metastasizing colorectal cancer than in nonmetastasizing tumors. Ann Surg Oncol 3:574–579PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  246. Yokoyama N, Shirai Y, Ajioka Y, Nagakura S, Suda T, Hatakeyama K (2002) Immunohistochemically detected hepatic micrometastases predict a high risk of intrahepatic recurrence after resection of colorectal carcinoma liver metastases. Cancer 94:1642–1647PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  247. Yokoyama N, Otani T, Hashidate H, Maeda C, Katada T, Sudo N, Manabe S, Ikeno Y et al (2012) Real-time detection of hepatic micrometastases from pancreatic cancer by intraoperative fluorescence imaging: preliminary results of a prospective study. Cancer 118:2813–2819Google Scholar
  248. Zeng Y, He XW, He XS, Wu XJ, Ma JP, Wang JP, Lan P (2013) Chronic hepatic viral infection could be a protective factor for colorectal cancer liver metastases: analysis in a single institute. Hepatogastroenterology 60:37–41Google Scholar
  249. Zhou XP, Quan ZW, Cong WM, Yang N, Zhang HB, Zhang SH, Yang GS (2007) Micrometastasis in surrounding liver and the minimal length of resection margin of primary liver cancer. World J Gastroenterol 13:4498–4503PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  250. Zisman A, Wieder JA, Pantuck AJ, Chao DH, Dorey F, Said JW, Gitlitz BJ, deKernion JB et al (2003) Renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus extension: biology, role of nephrectomy and response to immunotherapy. J Urol 169:909–916PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  251. Zotti S, Piccigallo E, Rampinelli L, Romagnoli G, Tufano A, Dagnini G (1986) Primary and metastatic tumors of the liver associated with cirrhosis: a study based on laparoscopy and autopsy. Gastrointest Endosc 32:91–95PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.University of BernBernSwitzerland

Personalised recommendations