Arkhangelsk Governorate (Gubernia) (until 1780 Arkhangelogorod Governorate) – was established in 1708 with a center in Arkhangelsk. In 1719, it was subdivided into provinces: Arkhangelsk, Veliky Ustug, Vologda, and Galicia. In 1780, the first three entered to the Vologda Viceroyalty, inside which was Arkhangelsk Oblast. In 1784, Arkhangelsk Oblast became Arkhangelsk Viceroyalty (since 1796 A.G). In 1830, it was the thirtieth industrialized administrative unit among 52 governorates of the country. In 1868 the number of industrial enterprises reached 1900 including handicraft, while in 1913 was approximately 4000. Seasonal work was widespread. Traditional crafts (salt making, resinous wood distillation, metal handicraft, merchant shipbuilding, deep sea fishing) developed uneven. At the end of nineteenth century forestry industry started to develop rapidly. The main centers were Arkhangelsk and Onega. About half of the enterprises belonged to foreigners. The Arkhangelsk Timberman Union was established in 1906. Agriculture was mostly developed in Shenkursky, Kholmogorsky, and Onega Uezd (counties). Basic crops were barley and rye. The province was in need of bread supply. At the end of nineteenth century, vegetable gathering became more popular (turnip, Russian turnip, cabbage, carrot, potatoes, etc.). Rich hay meadows and grazing land, particularly in Kholmogorsky Uezd, encouraged development of the cattle breeding (cattle, horses, sheeps, deers). Fairs were major trading centers. Salt, furs, resin, fish (codfish, salmon, herring, halibut), the Kholmogor cattle, and bone-carving products were sold inside the country and exported. The Port of Arkhangelsk played significant role in trading: timber, Siberian wheat, and wood-chemical products (resin, tar, turpentine) were sold for export, while coal, cement, and others were imported. The regular shipment on the Northern Dvina River started in 1858; at the end of the nineteenth century – on rivers Onega and Mezen. The railway Perm-Vyatka-Kotlas was built in 1899 to export bread from Siberia. Light railway line Arkhangelsk-Vologda was built in 1898 (rebuilt in 1916). The Murmansk railway was established in 1915. There were more than 400 educational institutions, 500 Orthodox churches, and 12 monasteries in 1913. Zemskie (district) institutions were also found in 1913. At the beginning of the WWI, military supplies went through Arkhangelsk.