Skip to main content

Westermarck Effect and Imprinting

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science
  • 72 Accesses

Synonyms

Inbreeding avoidance; Incest avoidance; Negative sexual imprinting; Westermarck’s hypothesis

Definition

A hypothetical psychological effect through which sexual attraction becomes less between people who live in close domestic proximity during the first few years of their lives.

Introduction

Widely applied by evolutionary researchers to the explanation for human incest avoidance, Westermarck effect hypothesized that human tend to develop a strong sexual aversion to those they live closely with during infancy and early childhood. This hypothesis was first proposed by Finnish anthropologist Edvard Westermarck in his book The History of Human Marriage (1891), described as a mechanism of inbreeding avoidance.

Westermarck effect is also called negative sexual imprinting, in contrast to positive sexual imprinting. Quite a few evidences have shown the rationality of the Westermarck effect.

The Evolutionary Function of Inbreeding Avoidance

It was hypothesized by Westermarck that...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Reference

  • Amos, B., Schloetterer, C., & Tautz, D. (1993). Social structure of pilot whales revealed by analytical DNA profiling. Science, 260, 670–672.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bevc, I., & Silverman, I. (2000). Early separation and sibling incest: A test of the revised Westermarck theory. Evolution & Human Behavior, 21(3), 151–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Smet, D., Van Speybroeck, L., & Verplaetse, J. (2014). The Westermarck effect revisited: A psychophysiological study of sibling incest aversion in young female adults. Evolution and Human Behavior, 35, 34–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, L. F., & Waller, D. M. (2002). Inbreeding effects in wild populations. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 17(5), 230–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, D., Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2003). Does morality have a biological basis? An empirical test of the factors governing moral sentiments relating to incest. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 270, 819–826.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcinkowska, U. M., Moore, F. R., & Rantala, M. J. (2013). An experimental test of the Westermarck effect: Sex differences in inbreeding avoidance. Behavioral Ecology, 24(4), 842–845.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rantala, M. J., & Marcinkowska, U. M. (2011). The role of sexual imprinting and the Westermarck effect in mate choice in humans. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 65(5), 859–873.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shepher, J. (1971). Mate selection among second generation kibbutz adolescents and adults: Incest avoidance and negative imprinting. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1(4), 293–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westermarck, E. (1891). The history of human marriage. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westermarck, E. (1934). Three essays on sex and marriage. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, A. P. (1995). Sexual attraction and childhood association: A Chinese brief for Edward Westermarck. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yan Wang .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Hou, B., Wang, Y. (2018). Westermarck Effect and Imprinting. In: Shackelford, T., Weekes-Shackelford, V. (eds) Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3618-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3618-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-16999-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-16999-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics