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Chen SF, Goodman J. An empirical study of smoothing techniques for language modeling. Technical report TR-10-98, Center for Research in Computing Technology, Harvard University, August 1998.
Zaragoza H, Hiemstra D, Tipping M, Robertson S. Bayesian extension to the language model for ad hoc information retrieval. In: Proceedings of the 26th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval; 2003. p. 4–9.
Zhai C, Lafferty J. A study of smoothing methods for language models applied to information retrieval. ACM Trans Inf Syst. 2004;22(2):179–214.
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Hiemstra, D. (2018). Probability Smoothing. In: Liu, L., Özsu, M.T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Database Systems. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8265-9_936
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8265-9_936
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