Music can be defined from various different perspectives, for instance, in technical terms with a focus on the combination and sequence of sound elements and attributes (e.g., pitch, timbre, loudness), as a socially and culturally constructed art form or as a subjective percept or experience. Accordingly, there is no clear-cut definition of what, exactly, music is. Typically, music incorporates one or more non-electronic or electronic instrument(s) and/or vocalization(s). Musical activities include listening to music (e.g., radio, playlist, concert) and engaging in music making (e.g., playing an instrument, singing).

With respect to music interventions in healthcare settings, most researchers and clinicians have come to the consensus that music therapy (MT) and music medicine (MM) describe different music-based approaches. MT involves a trained music therapist who uses active or receptive musical activities to promote the client’s health. An important factor underlying...