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Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments pp 158–164Cite as

Climap

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Part of the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series book series (EESS)

Introduction

Ice ages, those times when great ice sheets spread across Northern Hemisphere continents, have been the subject of scientific and public interest for over 150 years. By the 1960s, the aerial extent of some ice ages had been established through the mapping of the rocky debris left behind by the retreating ice and stratigraphic analyses of these deposits, which provided evidence of multiple ice advances and retreats. The accepted number of such advances was four, all occurring within the Pleistocene Epoch. Studies of deep-sea sediments, which have an advantage over the erosion-plagued record of glaciations on land because of their temporal continuity and spatial coverage, accelerated during this decade, providing further evidence of multiple major climate changes. This evidence was supplied through studies of the calcareous (limy) shells of microscopic plankton (foraminifera). When alive, these one-celled creatures are delicately adapted to the physical properties of the...

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Authors
  1. James D. Hays
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Columbia University, New York, USA

    Vivien Gornitz

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Hays, J.D. (2009). Climap. In: Gornitz, V. (eds) Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4411-3_39

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