5.3 Mitochondrial Production of Oxidants and Their Role in the Regulation of Cellular Processes

  • P. S. Brookes
Reference work entry
First Online:

Abstract:

The other chapters in this volume provide an introduction to the general topic of mitochondrial energy metabolism. In this chapter, the mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is covered in more detail, addressing both established and novel concepts in this field. By way of introduction, Figure 5.3-1 shows a schematic of the mitochondrion indicating the inhibitory positions of several pharmacologic tools that have been used in the study of mitochondria over the past fewdecades. Much of the literature describing mitochondrial function relies heavily on the use of these inhibitors, and it is therefore hoped that this diagram may aid not only in the subsequent understanding of mitochondrial ROS generation, but in the wider understanding of mitochondrial function outlined in this volume.
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Figure 5.3-1

Pharmacologic tools used in mitochondrial research. Names of mitochondrial enzymes and carriers are in boldand pharmacologic agents are in boxes. Inhibitors are denoted by a filled circle (•), activators by a plus sign. The mitochondrial membrane potential (positive outside, negative inside) is denoted by Δψ m. ANT adenine nucleotide translocase, CCCP carbonyl cyanide m-chloro phenylhydrazone, Cyp-D cyclophilin D, Cyt-c cytochrome c, Cx I complex I (NADH dehydrogenase), Cx II complex II (succinate dehydrogenase), Cx III complex III (ubiquinol/cytochrome c oxidoreductase), Cx IV complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase), Cx V complex V (ATP synthase), DIDS 4,4-diisothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2′disulphonate, DNP dinitrophenol, FCCP carbonyl cyanide p-[trifluoromethoxy]-phenylhydrazone, GDP guanosine diphosphate, 5-HD 5-hydroxydecanoate, MPP + 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, NEM N-ethyl maleimide, 3-NP 3-nitropropionate, NO • nitric oxide, PAO phenylarsine oxide, RNS reactive nitrogen species, ROS reactive oxygen species, TTFA thenoyl-trifluoroacetic acid, UCP uncoupling protein, VDAC voltage-dependent anion channel

A single caveat surrounds the use of this diagram as a reference for determining which inhibitors to use in a given set of experiments: virtually all of the compounds listed were discovered and initially tested in isolated mitochondrial systems, but their specificity in cellular systems and in whole organs and organisms is lesscertain.

Keywords

Reactive Oxygen Species Respiratory Chain Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Reactive Nitrogen Species Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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Notes

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to Sergiy Nadtochiy (Rochester) for insightful discussions during the preparation of this manuscript, and to NIH (NHLBI, RO1 HL71158) and the University of Rochester's Mitochondrial Research Interest Group for research funding.

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  • P. S. Brookes

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