Neuroendocrinology and Neurochemistry of Maternal Motivation and Behavior

  • J. S. Lonstein
  • J. I. Morrell
Reference work entry

Abstract:

Successful reproduction requires transmission of traits from one generation to the next by ensuring that offspring carrying the genetic basis of these traits survive to reproductive age. Maternal caregiving is the most crucial behavioral pattern ensuring the survival of young in most mammals. Expression of maternal behavior requires complex interactions between internal and external sensory cues, numerous endocrine systems, and the brain. We herein summarize the components of maternal care, and the hormonal, sensory, and neural underpinnings of its expression, with the laboratory rat model as an exemplar. The impetus to act maternally is similar to other goal-directed behaviors, in that it requires an appropriate motivational state. We emphasize how endocrine systems during pregnancy, parturition, and lactation may interact with traditional neural motivation systems, including the mesolimbic and nigrosriatal dopamine systems, to facilitate the transition from indifference to infants to a state of irresistible nurturance toward them.

List of Abbreviations:

6-OHDA

6 hydroxydopamine

AMYbl

basolateral nucleus of the amygdala

AVP

arginine vasopression

BNST

bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

CCK

cholecystokinin

CNS

central nervous system

cPAGl

caudal lateral subregion of the periaqueductal gray

cPAGvl

caudal ventrolateral subregion of the periaquaductal gray

D1

dopamine receptor subtype 1

D2

dopamine receptor subtype 2

D3

Dopamine receptor subtype 3

DA

dopamine

DAergic

dopaminergic

DOPAC

dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

DHT

dihydrotestosterone

EB

estradiol benzoate

ER

estrogen receptor

ERα

estrogen receptor alpha

ERβ

estrogen receptor beta

Fos

protein product of the immediate early gene c-fos

FSH

follicle stimulating hormone

GABA

γ-aminobutyric acid

GABAA

γ-aminobutyric acid receptor subtype A

h

hours

Hbc

habenular complex

H-O

hysterectomy-ovariectomy

ICV

intracerebroventricular

IR

immunoreactive

Lhb

lateral subdivision of the habenular complex

LH

luteinizing hormone

lPOA

lateral preoptic area

LS

lateral septum

MeA

medial nucleus of the amygdala

mPOA

medial preoptic area

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

mRNA

messenger ribonucleic acid

N

number of animals

NA

nucleus accumbens

OT

oxytocin

OTR

oxytocin receptor

PAG

periaqueductal gray

PFC

prefrontal cortex

POA

preoptic area

PR

progestin receptor

PRL

prolactin

PRL-R

prolactin receptor

PVN

paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

s.c.

subcutaneous

SEM

standard error of the mean

SN

substantia nigra

SNpc

substantia nigra pars compacta

T

testosterone

TH-ir

tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity

V1a

vasopressin receptor 1a

vBNST

ventral area of bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

VMN

ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

VMH

ventromedial hypothalamus

VTA

ventral tegmental area

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Notes

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Dr. Jill B. Becker for helpful comments on some sections of this chapter.

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© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007

Authors and Affiliations

  • J. S. Lonstein
  • J. I. Morrell

There are no affiliations available

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