Abstract
Space division multiplexing (SDM) has attracted considerable attention from the optical fiber communication community as a promising means to increase the transmission capacity per fiber and, more importantly, to reduce the associated cost per transmitted information bit by utilizing multiple spatial channels within a single strand of glass. Various SDM transmission fibers, for example, few-mode fibers, multicore fibers, and few-mode multicore fibers, have been proposed, and the possibility to support capacities beyond that of conventional single-mode fiber technology has now been proven. However, in order to realize the potential energy and cost savings offered by SDM systems, the individual spatial channels should be simultaneously multiplexed, transmitted, amplified, and switched with associated SDM components and subsystems. In particular, SDM amplifiers can simultaneously amplify multiple spatial channels in a single device and can provide significant space, cost, and energy savings from component sharing and device integration. In this chapter, we will review the current state of the art in optical amplifiers for the various SDM approaches under investigation – with particular focus on few-mode fiber amplifiers for mode division multiplexing. In these amplifiers, differential modal gain (or mode-dependent gain) is the most important property, and various mitigation strategies are introduced/highlighted in this chapter. Afterwards, we will focus in particular on both core-pumped and cladding-pumped 6-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifiers as practical implementation examples and will further discuss differential modal gain control for both pumping configurations. Finally, the remaining challenges to realizing practical few-mode fiber amplifiers are discussed, and future prospects for the few mode fiber amplifier are envisioned.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
K.S. Abedin, T.F. Taunay, M. Fishteyn, M.F. Yan, B. Zhu, J.M. Fini, E.M. Monberg, F.V. Dimarcello, P.W. Wisk, Opt. Express 19, 16715 (2011)
K.S. Abedin, T.F. Taunay, M. Fishteyn, D.J. DiGiovanni, V.R. Supradeepa, J.M. Fini, M.F. Yan, B. Zhu, E.M. Monberg, F.V. Dimarcello, Opt. Express 20, 20191 (2012)
K.S. Abedin, J.M. Fini, T.F. Thierry, B. Zhu, M.F. Yan, L. Bansal, F.V. Dimarcello, E.M. Monberg, D.J. DiGiovanni, Opt. Lett. 39, 993 (2014)
H. Chen, C. Jin, B. Huang, N.K. Fontaine, R. Ryf, K. Shang, N. Grégoire, S. Morency, R.-J. Essiambre, G. Li, Y. Messaddeq, S. Larochelle, Nat. Photonics 10, 529 (2016)
A.D. Ellis, J. Zhao, D. Cotter, J. Lightwave Technol. 28, 423 (2010)
R.-J. Essiambre, G. Kramer, P.J. Winzer, G.J. Foschini, B. Goebel, J. Lightwave Technol. 28, 662 (2010)
N.K. Fontaine, B. Huang, Z. Sanjabieznaveh, H. Chen, C. Jin, B. Ercan, A. Velázquez-Benetez, S.H. Chang, R. Ryf, A. Schülzgen, J. Carlos Alvarado, P. Sillard, C. Gonnet, E. Antonio-Lopez, R. Amezcua Correa, in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OSA, Washington, DC, 2016), p. Th5A.4
K. Igarashi, D. Souma, Y. Wakayama, K. Takeshima, Y. Kawaguchi, T. Tsuritani, I. Morita, M. Suzuki, in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OSA, Washington, DC, 2015), p. Th5C.4
S. Jain, V.J.F. Rancaño, T.C. May-Smith, P. Petropoulos, J.K. Sahu, D.J. Richardson, Opt. Express 22, 3787 (2014)
S. Jain, T. Mizuno, Y. Jung, Q. Kang, J.R. Hayes, M.N. Petrovich, G. Bai, H. Ono, K. Shibahara, A. Sano, A. Isoda, Y. Miyamoto, Y. Sasaki, Y. Amma, K. Takenaga, K. Aikawa, C. Castro, K. Pulverer, M. Nooruzzaman, T. Morioka, S. Alam, D.J. Richardson, in European Conference Optical Communication (2016), p. Th3.A1
Y. Jung, S. Alam, Z. Li, A. Dhar, D. Giles, I.P. Giles, J.K. Sahu, F. Poletti, L. Grüner-Nielsen, D.J. Richardson, Opt. Express 19, B952 (2011)
Y. Jung, E.L. Lim, Q. Kang, T.C. May-Smith, N.H.L. Wong, R. Standish, F. Poletti, J.K. Sahu, S.U. Alam, D.J. Richardson, Opt. Express 22, 29008 (2014a)
Y. Jung, Q. Kang, J.K. Sahu, B. Corbett, J. O’Callagham, F. Poletti, S.-U. Alam, D.J. Richardson, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 26, 1100 (2014b)
Y. Jung, S.-U. Alam, D.J. Richardson, in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OSA, Washington, DC, 2015), p. W2A.13
Y. Jung, S. Alam, D.J. Richardson, in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OSA, Anaheim, 2016a), p. W2A.40
Y. Jung, S. Alam, Y. Sasaki, D.J. Richardson, in European Conference Optical Commununication (IEEE, Dusseldorf, 2016b), p. W2.B4
Y. Jung, Q. Kang, L. Shen, S. Chen, H. Wang, Y. Yang, K. Shi, B.C. Thomsen, R. Amezcua Correa, Z. Sanjabi Eznaveh, J. Carlos Alvarado Zacarias, J. Antonio-Lopez, P. Barua, J.K. Sahu, S.U. Alam, D.J. Richardson, in European Conference Optical Communication (IEEE, Denmark, 2017a), p. P1.SC1.18
Y. Jung, J. Hayes, Y. Sasaki, K. Aikawa, S. Alam, D.J. Richardson, in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OSA, Washington, DC, 2017b), p. W3H.2
Y. Jung, Q. Kang, R. Sidharthan, D. Ho, S. Yoo, P. Gregg, S. Ramachandran, S. Alam, D.J. Richardson, J. Lightwave Technol. 35, 430 (2017c)
Q. Kang, E. Lim, Y. Jun, X. Jin, F.P. Payne, S. Alam, D.J. Richardson, in European Conference Optical Communication (IEEE, Cannes, 2014a), p. P.1.14
Q. Kang, E.-L. Lim, Y. Jung, F. Poletti, C. Baskiotis, S. Alam, D.J. Richardson, Opt. Express 22, 21499 (2014b)
H. Ono, Y. Amma, T. Hosokawa, M. Yamada, in IEEE Photonics Society Summer Topicals Meeting Series (IEEE, Newport Beach, 2016), pp. 74–75
D.J. Richardson, J.M. Fini, L.E. Nelson, Nat. Photonics 7, 354 (2013)
J. Sakaguchi, W. Klaus, B.J. Puttnam, J.M.D. Mendinueta, Y. Awaji, N. Wada, Y. Tsuchida, K. Maeda, M. Tadakuma, K. Imamura, R. Sugizaki, T. Kobayashi, Y. Tottori, M. Watanabe, R.V. Jensen, Opt. Express 22, 90 (2014)
M. Salsi, D. Peyrot, G. Charlet, S. Bigo, R. Ryf, N.K. Fontaine, M.A. Mestre, S. Randel, X. Palou, C. Bolle, B. Guan, G. Le Cocq, L. Bigot, Y. Quiquempois, in European Conference Optical Communication (OSA, Washington, DC, 2012), p. Th.3.A.6
D. Soma, Y. Wakayama, S. Beppu, S. Sumita, T. Tsuritani, T. Hayashi, T. Nagashima, M. Suzuki, M. Yoshida, K. Kasai, M. Nakazawa, H. Takahashi, K. Igarashi, I. Morita, and M. Suzuki, J. Lightwave Technol. 36, 1362 (2018)
H. Takara, A. Sano, T. Kobayashi, H. Kubota, H. Kawakami, A. Matsuura, Y. Miyamoto, Y. Abe, H. Ono, K. Shikama, Y. Goto, K. Tsujikawa, Y. Sasaki, I. Ishida, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, T. Morioka, in European Conference Optical Communication (OSA, Washington, DC, 2012), p. Th.3.C.1
M. Wada, T. Sakamoto, S. Aozasa, T. Mori, T. Yamamoto, K. Nakajima, in European Conference Optical Communication (VDE, Dusseldorf, 2016), p. M2.A4
M. Wada, S. Aozasa, T. Sakamoto, T. Yamamoto, T. Mori, K. Nakajima, J. Lightwave Technol. 35, 762 (2017)
Y. Wakayama, K. Igarashi, D. Soma, H. Taga, T. Tsuritani, in European Conference Optical Communication (IEEE, Dusseldorf, 2016), p. M.2.A.3
I. Weiss, J. Gerufi, D. Sinefeld, M. Blau, M. Bin Nun, R.B. Lingle, L.E. Gruner-Nielsen, D. Marom, in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OSA, Washington, DC, 2014), p. Th4A.8
P.J. Winzer, Nat. Photonics 8, 345 (2014)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Jung, Y., Alam, SU., Richardson, D.J. (2019). Optical Amplifiers for Mode Division Multiplexing. In: Peng, GD. (eds) Handbook of Optical Fibers. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7087-7_49
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7087-7_49
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-7085-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-7087-7
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics