Skip to main content

Researching Among Elites

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences

Abstract

Health elites are powerful actors in the medical domain and it is essential that social scientists engage with their work. However, there is a specific set of methodological challenges to conducting this research. This chapter articulates key issues to consider before undertaking research with health elites by drawing upon examples from the authors’ own research practice. It starts by identifying the ambiguities in defining exactly what constitutes a health elite by drawing upon important literature on the topic. Section 2 discusses ethical issues in health elite research, including providing a sample consent form. It then articulates sampling and access issues with elites, for example, the benefits of purposive and snowball sampling. Section 3 articulates key challenges firstly in interviews and secondly in observational work with health elites (in clinics and laboratories), by stressing the need for flexibility in approach. This is followed by a discussion of conferences as sites for research among health elites, and the resources of elites’ documentary cultures. Section 4 reflects upon the increasing significance of patients and social scientists as health elites, and instances of health elites as social scientists. Section 5 considers health elites as collaborators by discussing the rewards and challenges of collaborating with fellow researchers active in generating new knowledge about health. The chapter closes by pointing forward toward the continued need for qualitative social science to engage with health elites, and for researchers to be informed by a methodological awareness of the challenges and rewards of doing so.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 649.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 849.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aldridge A. Negotiating status: social scientists and the Anglican clergy. J Contemp Ethnogr. 1993;22:97–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson P. For ethnography. London: Sage; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blix SB, Wettergren Å. The emotional labour of gaining and maintaining access to the field. Qual Res. 2015;15(6):688–704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cassell J. The relationship of observer to observed when studying up. In: Burgess RG, editor. Studies in qualitative methodology. London: JAI Press; 1988. p. 89–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins HM. Gravity’s shadow: the search for gravitational waves. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2004.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Collins H, Evans R. Rethinking expertise. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2007.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dexter LA. Elite and specialised interviewing. Evanston: Northwestern University Press; 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimond R. Patient and family trajectories of mitochondrial disease: diversity, uncertainty and genetic risk. Life Sci, Soc Policy. 2013;9(1):2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dimond R. Parent-led conferences as sites of medical work. Health. 2014a;18(6):631–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dimond R. Negotiating blame and responsibility in the context of a ‘de novo’ mutation. New Genet Soc. 2014b;33(2):149–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dimond R. Negotiating identity at the intersection of paediatric and genetic medicine: the parent as facilitator, narrator and patient. Sociol Health Illn. 2014c;36(1):1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dimond R. Techniques of donation: ‘three parents’, anonymity and disclosure. J Med Law Ethics. 2015a;3(3):165–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dimond R. Social and ethical issues in mitochondrial donation. Br Med Bull. 2015b;115(1):173–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dimond R, Bartlett A, Lewis JT. What binds biosociality? The collective effervescence of the parent conference. Soc Sci Med. 2015;126:1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein S. Impure science: AIDS, activism and the politics of knowledge. Berkeley, California: University of California Press; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • González-Santos S, Dimond R. Medical and scientific conferences as sites of sociological interest: a review of the field. Sociol Compass. 2015;9(3):235–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammersley M, Atkinson P. Ethnography: principles in practice. 3rd ed. London: Routledge; 2007.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey WS. Strategies for conducting elite interviews. Qual Res. 2011;11(4):431–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter A. Local knowledge and local power: notes on the ethnography of local community elites. J Contemp Ethnogr. 1993;22:35–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Israel M. Research ethics and integrity for social scientists: beyond regulatory compliance. 2nd ed. London: Sage; 2015.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kent J. Lay experts and the politics of breast implants. Public Underst Sci. 2003;12(4):403–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lassiter L. The Chicago guide to collaborative ethnography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2005.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis J, Bartlett A. Inscribing a discipline: tensions in the field of bioinformatics. New Genet Soc. 2013;32(3):243–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liamputtong P. Qualitative research methods. 4th ed. Melbourne: Oxford University Press; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luam C, Sima J. Interviewing one's peers: methodological issues in a study of health professionals. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2006;24(4):251–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mallik M. Patient representatives: a new role in patient advocacy. Br J Nurs. 1997;6(2):108–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mikecz R. Interviewing elites addressing methodological issues. Qual Inq. 2012;18(6):482–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey C. On oral history interviewing. In: Dexter LA, editor. Elite and specialised interviewing. Evanston: Northwestern University Press; 1970. p. 109–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odendahl T, Shaw AM. Interviewing elites. In: Gubrium JF, Holstein JA, editors. Handbook of interview research: context & method. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2002. p. 299–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Riordan K, Fotopoulou A, Stephens N. The first bite: imaginaries, promotional publics and the laboratory grown burger. Public Underst Sci. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662516639001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrander SA. Surely you’re not in this just to be helpful – access, rapport, and interviews in three studies of elites. J Contemp Ethnogr. 1993;22:7–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patton MQ. Qualitative research and evaluation methods. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne G, Payne J. Key concepts in social research. Sage key concepts. London: Sage; 2004.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Petkov MP, Kaoullas LG. Overcoming respondent resistance at elite interviews using an intermediary. Qual Res. 2016;16(4):411–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prior L. Using documents in social research. London: Sage; 2003.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Roth D. A third seat at the table: an insider's perspective on patient representatives. Hastings Cent Rep. 2011;41(1):29–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stacey G, Stephens N. Social science in a stem cell laboratory: what happened when social and life sciences met. Regen Med. 2012;7(1):117–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stark L, Hedgecoe A. A practical guide to research ethics. In: Bourgeault I, Dingwall R, De Vries R, editors. The sage handbook of qualitative methods in health research. London: Sage; 2010. p. 589–607.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens N. Collecting data from elites and ultra elites: telephone and face-to-face interviews with macroeconomists. Qual Res. 2007;7(2):203–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens N. Growing meat in laboratories: the promise, ontology, and ethical boundary-work of using muscle cells to make food. Configurations. 2013;21(2):159–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens N, Dimond R. Unexpected tissue and the biobank that closed: an exploration of value and the momentariness of bio-objectification processes. Life Sci, Soc Policy. 2015a;11(1):14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens N, Dimond R. Closure of a human tissue biobank: individual, institutional, and field expectations during cycles of promise and disappointment. New Genet Soc. 2015b;34(4):417–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens N, Atkinson P, Glasner P. The UK stem cell bank: securing the past, validating the present, protecting the future. Sci Cult. 2008a;17(1):43–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens N, Atkinson P, Glasner P. The UK stem cell bank as performative architecture. New Genet Soc. 2008b;27(2):87–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens N. In Vitro Meat: Zombies on the Menu? Scripted. 2010;7(2):394–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephens N, Atkinson P, Glasner P. Documenting the doable and doing the documented: bridging strategies at the UK stem cell bank. Soc Stud Sci. 2011;41(6):791–813.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens N, Atkinson P, Glasner P. Institutional imaginaries of publics in stem cell banking: the cases of the UK and Spain. Sci Cult. 2013a;22(4):497–515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens N, Lewis J, Atkinson P. Closing the regulatory regress: GMP accreditation in stem cell laboratories. Sociol Health Illn. 2013b;35(3):345–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman H. Scientific elite. New Brunswick: Transaction; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Neil Stephens .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Stephens, N., Dimond, R. (2019). Researching Among Elites. In: Liamputtong, P. (eds) Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4_135

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics