Skip to main content

Dark Behaviours and Shadowy Places: Bullying, Abuse and Harassment as Linked to Hidden Organizations

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Special topics and particular occupations, professions and sectors

Part of the book series: Handbooks of Workplace Bullying, Emotional Abuse and Harassment ((HWBEAH,volume 4))

  • 176 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter examines bullying, abuse and harassment as they relate in multiple ways to what are called hidden organizations—those where the identity of the collective and/or its members is communicatively concealed from key audiences. More specifically, several types of hidden organizations are identified that are of special importance here: secret societies, cults, hate groups, organized crime (including gangs), terrorist and counterterrorist groups, organizations engaged in dirty work and a range of others. Relevant literature is examined on each of these types of hidden organizations to uncover potential connections to destructive practices such as bullying, abuse and harassment both internal and external to the hidden organization. The chapter closes with key conclusions about these linkages and directions for continued research in this area.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allan, E. J., & Madden, M. (2012). The nature and extent of college student hazing. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 24(1), 83–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alleyne, E., Fernandes, I., & Pritchard, E. (2014). Denying humanness to victims: How gang members justify violent behavior. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 17(6), 750–762.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anheier, H. K. (2010). Secret societies. In H. K. Anheier & S. Toepler (Ed.), International encyclopedia of civil society (pt. 19, pp. 1355–1358). New York: Springer Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnejčič, B. (2016). Mobbing in company: Levels and typology. Organizacija, 49(4), 240–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashforth, B. E., & Kreiner, G. E. (1999). “How can you do it?”: Dirty work, and the challenge of constructing a positive identity. Academy of Management Review, 24, 413–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Awan, I. (2017). Cyber-extremism: Isis and the power of social media. Society, 54(2), 138–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-017-0114-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, A., Cross, D., Lester, L., Hearn, L., Epstein, M., & Monks, H. (2012). The invisibility of covert bullying among students: Challenges for school intervention. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 22(2), 206–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behar, R. (1991). The thriving cult of greed and power. Time, 137(18), 50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Billig, M. (2001). Humour and hatred: The racist jokes of the Ku Klux Klan. Discourse & Society, 12(3), 267–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bostdorff, D. M. (2004). The internet rhetoric of the Ku Klux Klan: A case study in web site community building run amok. Communication Studies, 55(2), 340–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyle, K. M. (2015). Social psychological processes that facilitate sexual assault within the fraternity party subculture. Sociology Compass, 9(5), 386–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bullman, G. A. (2003). Abuse of female sweatshop laborers: Another form of sexual harassment that does not fit neatly into the judiciary’s current understanding of discrimination because of sex. Indiana Law Journal, 78, 1019–1043.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, B., Tait, G., Quadrelli, C., & Thompson, I. (2016). Investigating death: The emotional and cultural challenges for police. Policing and Society, 26(6), 698–712.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, P. (2010). Struggles with sobriety: Alcoholics Anonymous membership in Japan. Ethnology: An International Journal of Cultural and Social Anthropology, 49, 45–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conquergood, D. (1994). Homeboys and hoods: Gangs and cultural space. In L. R. Frey (Ed.), Group communication in contexts: Studies of natural groups (pp. 23–55). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costas, J., & Grey, C. (2016). Secrecy at work: The hidden architecture of organizations. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, R. L. (2009). “Rocking the boat” and “Continuing to fight”: Un/productive justice episodes and the problem of workplace bullying. Human Communication, 12(3), 283–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crane, M. (2015). The tap: An examination of the controversy of secret societies on college campuses. Theses and Dissertations, University of South Carolina

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, M. (2017). International sex trafficking. Women & Therapy, 40(1–2), 101–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curry, G. D., Decker, S. H., & Pyrooz, D. (2014). Confronting gangs: Crime and community (3rd ed.). Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Cruz, P., & Noronha, E. (2013). Navigating the extended reach: Target experiences of cyberbullying at work. Information and Organization, 23(4), 324–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delph, E. W. (1978). The silent community: Public homosexual encounters (Vol. 3). Beverly Hills: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dougherty, D. S. (2009). Sexual harassment as destructive organizational process. In P. Lutgen-Sandvik & B. D. Sypher (Eds.), Destructive organizational communication: Processes, consequences, and constructive ways of organizing (pp. 203–225). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dussault, M., & Frenette, É. (2015). Supervisors’ transformational leadership and bullying in the workplace. Psychological Reports, 117, 724–733.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, E. G. (2017, August 17). Whatever your side, doxing is a perilous form of justice. Wired. Retrieved October 31, 2017, from https://www.wired.com/story/doxing-charlottesville/

  • Elwood, W. N., Greene, K., & Carter, K. K. (2003). Gentlemen don’t speak: Communication norms and condom use in bath houses. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 31, 277–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eyre, A. (1994). Religious cults in twentieth century America. American Studies Today Online, 1. Retrieved June 7, 2011, from http://www.americansc.org.uk/Online/cults.htm

  • Fitzgerald, L. F. (2017). Still the last great open secret: Sexual harassment as systemic trauma. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 18, 483–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, F. (2016). Workplace bullying: A lesson for OH. Occupational Health, 68(4), 23–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flyverbom, M., Leonardi, P. M., Stohl, C., & Stohl, M. (2016). The management of visibilities in the digital age: Introduction. International Journal of Communication, 10, 98–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foer, A. A. (2000). The politics of antitrust in the United States: Public choice and public choices. University of Pittsburgh Law Review, 62, 475–497.

    Google Scholar 

  • “Fraternities in Canada”. (1948). The encyclopedia of Canada (Vol. II). University Associates of Canada. Retrieved January 6, 2018, from http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/FraternitiesinCanada.htm

  • Fritz, G. K. (2006). Awakening to scientology. The Brown University Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter, 22, 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gambetta, D. (2009). Codes of the underworld: How criminals communicate. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, L., Giles, H., & Hogg, M. A. (2014). Going to extremes: Social identity and communication processes associated with gang membership. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 17(6), 813–832.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodboy, A. K., & Martin, M. (2015). The personality profile of a cyberbully: Examining the dark triad. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 1–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grow, M. (2012, February). Hidden hazards in the workplace. Chemistry in Australia, 79(1), 32–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasler, S. (2013). Covert sexism in espionage. World Today, 69(1), 7–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hennigan, K., & Spanovic, M. (2012). Gang dynamics through the lens of social identity theory. In Youth gangs in international perspective (pp. 127–149). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hepburn, S., & Simon, R. J. (2010). Hidden in plain sight: Human trafficking in the United States. Gender Issues, 27(1–2), 1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hetherington, A. (2000). Exploitation in therapy and counselling: A breach of professional standards. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 28(1), 11–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsh, M. (1997). Infernal revenue disservice. Newsweek, 130(15), 33.

    Google Scholar 

  • History that remains hidden. (1997, August 5). New York Times, 146, p. A18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodson, R., Roscigno, V. J., & Lopez, S. H. (2006). Chaos and the abuse of power: Workplace bullying in organizational and interactional context. Work and Occupations, 33(4), 382–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, D., O’Byrne, P., & Gastaldo, D. (2007). Setting the space for sex: Architecture, desire and health issues in gay bathhouses. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44(2), 273–284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, B. A. (2008). Against all odds: A consideration of core-stigmatized organizations. Academy of Management Review, 33(1), 252–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, B. A., & Okhuysen, G. A. (2009). Not with a ten-foot pole: Core stigma, stigma transfer, and improbable persistence of men’s bathhouses. Organization Science, 20, 134–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, E. C. (1951). Work and the self. In J. H. Rohrer & M. Sherif (Eds.), Social psychology at the crossroads (pp. 313–323). New York: Harper & Brothers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, E. C. (1962). Good people and dirty work. Social Problems, 10, 3–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkinson, G. (2013). Working with cult survivors. Therapy Today, 24(4), 18–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keltner, D., Young, R. C., Heerey, E. A., Oemig, C., & Monarch, N. D. (1998). Teasing in hierarchical and intimate relations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(5), 1231–1247.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kibble, D. G. (2016). Beheading, raping, and burning: How the Islamic State justifies its actions. Military Review, 96(2), 28–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kingree, J. B., & Thompson, M. P. (2013). Fraternity membership and sexual aggression: An examination of mediators of the association. Journal of American College Health, 61(4), 213–221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, A. G. (2015). Vigilante media: Unveiling Anonymous and the hacktivist personal in the global press. Communication Monographs, 82, 379–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Konrad, H. (2002). Trafficking in human beings-the ugly face of Europe. Helsinki Monitor, 13, 260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kostantopoulos, W. M., Ahn, R., Alpert, E. J., Cafferty, E., McGahan, A., Williams, T. P., Castor, J. P., Wolferstan, N., Purcell, G., & Burke, T. F. (2013). An international comparative public health analysis of sex trafficking of women and girls in eight cities: Achieving a more effective health sector response. Journal of Urban Health, 90, 1194–1204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, V., & Skaperdas, S. (2008). On the economics of organized crime. Prepared for inclusion in N. Garoupa (Ed.), Criminal law and economics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. J. (2005). Human trafficking in East Asia: Current trends, data collection, and knowledge gaps. International Migration, 43(1–2), 165–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, H. (2014). Out of the ordinary. New Statesman, 143(5238), 21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, S. H., Hodson, R., & Roscigno, V. J. (2009). Power, status, and abuse at work: General and sexual harassment compared. The Sociological Quarterly, 50, 3–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lutgen-Sandvik, P., & Sypher, B. D. (Eds.). (2009). Destructive organizational communication: Processes, consequences, and constructive ways of organizing. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutgen-Sandvik, P., Namie, G., & Namie, R. (2009). Workplace bullying. In P. Lutgen-Sandvik & B. D. Sypher (Eds.), Destructive organizational communication: Processes, consequences, and constructive ways of organizing (pp. 10–27). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackert, J. (2014). The secret society and the social dynamics of terrorist behavior. Revue de Synthese, 135, 331–359.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacLean, N. K. (1994). Behind the mask of chivalry: The making of the second Ku Klux Klan. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macy, R. J., Giattina, M., Sangster, T. H., Crosby, C., & Montijo, N. J. (2009). Domestic violence and sexual assault services: Inside the black box. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(5), 359–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malik, S., & Coulson, N. S. (2010). ‘They all supported me but I felt like I suddenly didn’t belong anymore’: An exploration of perceived disadvantages to online support seeking. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 31(3), 140–149.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martín-Peña, J., Rodríguez-Carballeira, Á., Escartín Solanelles, J., Porrúa García, C., & Willem Winkel, F. (2010). Strategies of psychological terrorism perpetrated by ETA’s network: Delimitation and classification. Psicothema, 22(1), 112.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGinley, M., Rospenda, K. M., Liu, L., & Richman, J. A. (2016). It isn’t all just fun and games: Collegiate participation in extracurricular activities and risk for generalized and sexual harassment, psychological distress, and alcohol use. Journal of Adolescence, 53, 152–163.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. (2002). Violence and coercion in Sri Lanka’s commercial sex industry: Intersections of gender, sexuality, culture, and the law. Violence Against Women, 8(9), 1044–1073.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murnen, S. K., & Kohlman, M. H. (2007). Athletic participation, fraternity membership, and sexual aggression among college men: A meta-analytic review. Sex Roles, 57(1–2), 145–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neall, A. M., & Tuckey, M. R. (2014). A methodological review of research on the antecedents and consequences of workplace harassment. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(2), 225–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neo-Nazi. (n.d.). Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved January 6, 2018, from https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/neo-nazi

  • Newton, P. J., Mulcahy, T. M., & Martin, S. E. (2008). Finding victims of human trafficking. Bethesda: University of Chicago, National Opinion Research Center.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • O’Briain, C. (2015). ISIL’s outward expression of internal conflict. USA Today Magazine, 143(2836), 56–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, P. (2014, February 14). Anonymous app ‘Secret’ will add more privacy controls. Forbes, p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Onuoha, B. (2011). The state human trafficking and human rights issues in Africa. Contemporary Justice Review, 14(2), 149–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oram, S., Stöckl, H., Busza, J., Howard, L. M., & Zimmerman, C. (2012). Prevalence and risk of violence and the physical, mental, and sexual health problems associated with human trafficking: Systematic review. PLoS Medicine, 9(5), e1001224.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Paoli, L. (2002). The paradoxes of organized crime. Crime, Law and Social Change, 37(1), 51–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, D., Taylor, T. J., & Esbensen, F. A. (2004). Gang membership and violent victimization. Justice Quarterly, 21(4), 793–815.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pilch, I., & Turska, E. (2015). Relationships between Machiavellianism, organizational culture, and workplace bullying: Emotional abuse from the target’s and the perpetrator’s perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 128(1), 83–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pilisuk, M. (1998). The hidden structure of contemporary violence. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 4(3), 197–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ragsdale, K., Porter, J. R., Mathews, R., White, A., Gore-Felton, C., & McGarvey, E. L. (2012). “Liquor before beer, you’re in the clear”: Binge drinking and other risk behaviours among fraternity/sorority members and their non-Greek peers. Journal of Substance Use, 17(4), 323–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reitman, J. (2011). Inside scientology: The story of America’s most secretive religion. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, A., & Tscherne-Lempiainen, P. (2002). Human rights and terrorism in the Central Asian OSCE states. Helsinki Monitor, 13(1), 36–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, A. (2002). Secrets of the tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the hidden paths of power. New York: Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roscigno, V. J., Lopez, S. H., & Hodson, R. (2009). Supervisory bullying, status inequalities and organizational context. Social Forces, 87(3), 1561–1589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salter, M. (2012). The role of ritual in the organised abuse of children. Child Abuse Review, 21(6), 440–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samnani, A. K., & Singh, P. (2016). Workplace bullying: Considering the interaction between individual and work environment. Journal of Business Ethics, 139, 537–549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanday, P. R. (2007). Fraternity gang rape: Sex, brotherhood, and privilege on campus (2nd ed.). New York: NYU Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, L. L., & Kaslow, F. W. (2001). The cult phenomenon: A turn of the century update. American Journal of Family Therapy, 29(1), 13–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, C. R. (2013). Anonymous agencies, backstreet businesses, and covert collectives: Rethinking organizations in the 21st century. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, C. R. (2015). Bringing hidden organizations out of the shadows: Introduction to the special issue. Management Communication Quarterly, 29, 503–511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, C. R., & Haseki, M. (2015). Communication, visibility, and the informal economy: A framework for future research. In P. Godfrey (Ed.), Management, society, and the informal economy (pp. 42–59). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, C. R., & Kang, K. (2017). Invisible domains and unexplored terrains: A multi-level view of (in)appropriately hidden organizations. In P. Salem & C. E. Timmerman (Eds.), Transformative practice and research in organizational communication (pp. 43–61). Hershey: IGI Global.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelley, L. I., & Picarelli, J. T. (2002). Methods not motives: Implications of the convergence of international organized crime and terrorism. Police Practice and Research, 3(4), 305–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sias, P. (2009). Social ostracism, cliques, and outcasts. In P. Lutgen-Sandvik & B. D. Sypher (Eds.), Destructive organizational communication: Processes, consequences, and constructive ways of organizing (pp. 145–163). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmel, G. (1906). The sociology of secrecy and of secret societies. American Journal of Sociology, 11(4), 441–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steele, S. L. (2010). ‘Combating the scourge’: Constructing the masculine ‘other’ through US government anti-trafficking campaigns. Journal of Hate Studies, 9(1), 33–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stohl, C., & Stohl, M. (2011). Secret agencies: The communicative constitution of a clandestine organization. Organization Studies, 32(9), 1197–1215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thornberry, T. P. (1999). Membership in youth gangs and involvement in serious and violent offending. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions (pp. 147–166). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Topolnicki, D., & McDonald, E. (1990). Presumed guilty by the IRS. Money, 19(10), 80–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Twemlow, S. W., & Sacco, F. C. (2003). Reflections on the making of a terrorist. In C. Covington, P. Williams, J. Arundale, & J. Knox (Eds.), Terrorist and war: Unconscious dynamics of political violence (pp. 97–123). London: Karnac.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tynes, R. (2006). US counter-terrorism policies in Africa are counter to development. African Security Review, 15, 108–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Urban, H. B. (2006). Fair game: Secrecy, security, and the Church of Scientology in Cold War America. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 74, 356–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Oudenaren, J. S. (2014). Enduring menace: The triad societies of southeast China. Asian Affairs: An American Review, 41(3), 127–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vickers, M. H. (2014). Towards reducing the harm: Workplace bullying as workplace corruption – A critical review. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 26(2), 95–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waltman, M. S. (2003). Stratagems and heuristics in the recruitment of children into communities of hate: The fabric of our future nightmares. Southern Communication Journal, 69, 22–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, D. J. (2011). The lived experience of spiritual abuse. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 14(9), 899–915.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, J. W., Tihanyi, L., Ireland, D., & Sirmon, D. G. (2009). You say illegal, I say legitimate: Entrepreneurship in the informal economy. Academy of Management Review, 34, 492–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, E. (1999). Apocalypses: Prophecies, cults, and millennial beliefs through the ages. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, R., & Mason, R. (2012). Bullying and gangs. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 24(1), 57–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, W. C., Jr. (2006). Memories of the Ku Klux Klan in one Indiana town. The Indiana Magazine of History, 102, 339–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P. (2001). Transnational criminal networks. In J. Arquilla & D. Ronfeldt (Eds.), Networks and netwars: The future of terror, crime and militancy (pp. 61–97). Santa Monica: Rand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, A. W., & Blithe, S. J. (2015). Managing image in a core-stigmatized organization: Concealment and revelation in Nevada’s legal brothels. Management Communication Quarterly, 29, 539–563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J., Moir, A., & James, M. (2009). Prisoners’ gang-related activity: The importance of bullying and moral disengagement. Psychology, Crime & Law, 15(6), 569–581.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Year in Hate and Extremism. (2017, February 15). Intelligence Report. Retrieved September 30, 2017, from https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2017/year-hate-and-extremism

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Craig R. Scott .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Scott, C.R. (2018). Dark Behaviours and Shadowy Places: Bullying, Abuse and Harassment as Linked to Hidden Organizations. In: D'Cruz, P., Noronha, E., Keashly, L., Tye-Williams, S. (eds) Special topics and particular occupations, professions and sectors. Handbooks of Workplace Bullying, Emotional Abuse and Harassment, vol 4. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5154-8_22-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5154-8_22-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-10-5154-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-10-5154-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics