Abstract
Electricity has become a vital means of providing power for a very wide range of domestic and industrial applications. The networks of generators, transmission, and distribution circuits that have evolved to serve the needs of electric power users are highly complex and difficult for most to fully comprehend. In principle, however, the rules governing the design and operation of AC power systems are fairly simple. Briefly stated, in any electric power system, the control objectives are as follows:
The system frequency must be kept constant by closely matching the generation and the connected electric loads at all times.
The current flows have to be controlled so that no element of the power system is overloaded.
The voltages throughout the power system must be kept within a narrow range, usually between about 95% and 105% of the nominal voltage.
The power system must continue to supply the connected loads after the loss of the largest generating unit or any other transmission system element, even when the system is already being operated with one element out of service.
This chapter discusses these common factors with emphasis on the power transmission elements of the networks; it describes the design of transmission networks and the control methods which were developed to enable electrical supply systems to operate with efficiency, reliability, robustness, and safety using conventional power system equipment. The power electronic controllers available for power system control are discussed in the “AC Network Control Using FACTS Controllers” chapter.
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Notes
- 1.
Electric power can be stored as mechanical or chemical power but normally not in any significant amount as electric power.
- 2.
Parallel connected admittances (susceptances) can be added.
- 3.
Note that underexcitation will reduce the transient stability performance of the generator.
- 4.
In the UK, where the frequency is allowed to vary within defined limits, it can be forecast that the frequency will fall when domestic power demand rises sharply at the end of some key sporting events. Before the forecast surge in demand, a pumped storage scheme is usually operated in its pumping mode; just before the surge, it is changed to generating mode. This additional power input helps to reduce the extent of the subsequent dip in frequency. Also in the UK, two high inertia waterwheel type generators are used to contribute to the energy demand of an intermittent pulsed load. As the load demand of the pulsed load increases, power is drawn from the generators, slowing them to half speed and releasing 75% of their stored kinetic energy; this energy contribution reduces the transient frequency disturbances and alleviates the stress on nearby generating sets.
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Nilsson, S., Lima, M., Young, D.J. (2019). AC Network Control Using Conventional Means. In: Nilsson, S. (eds) Flexible AC Transmission Systems . CIGRE Green Books. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71926-9_3-1
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