Skip to main content

Wicked Problems and Sustainable Development

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
  • 160 Accesses

Synonyms

Complex; Intractable; Messy

Definition

Wicked problems are intractable social issues that defy traditional problem-solving approaches because they are characterized by high levels of complexity and ambiguity and involve multiple stakeholder groups with strongly divergent values and perspectives. While initially applied in a social planning context, sustainability researchers have increasingly utilized this lens to explain the multidimensions of many sustainable development issues and explore new ways for addressing these complex issues.

Introduction

In this entry, the origin of wicked problems as a concept and its ten distinguishing properties is discussed. These characteristics are then used to discuss vexing dimensions of sustainable development that are highlighted in the research literature. There is increased attention by sustainability researchers to how traditional decision-making approaches, management strategies, public policy responses, and education are insufficient...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

References

  • Allen GM, Gould EM Jr (1986) Complexity, wickedness and public forests. J For 84(4):20–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen JH, Beaudoin F, Lloyd-Pool E, Sherman J (2014) Pathways to sustainability careers: building capacity to solve complex problems. Sustain For 7(1):47–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bahm AJ (1975) Planners’ failure generates a scapegoat. Policy Sci 6:103–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balint PJ, Stewart RE, Desia A, Walters LC (2011) Wicked environmental problems. Island Press, Washington, DC

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Berkes F (2009) Evolution of co-management: role of knowledge generation, bridging organisations and social learning. J Environ Manag 90:1692–1702

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biggs R, Westley FR, Carpenter SR (2010) Navigating the back loop: fostering social innovation and transformation in ecosystem management. [online]. Ecol Soc 15(2):9 Available from: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss2/art9/

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown VA, Harris JA, Russel JV (eds) (2010) Tackling wicked problems: through the transdisciplinary imagination. Earthscan, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Brundiers K, Wiek A (2011) Educating students in real-world sustainability research: vision and implementation. Innov High Educ 36:107–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burch S, Shaw A, Dale A, Robinson J (2014) Triggering transformative change: a development path approach to climate change response in communities. Clim Pol 14(4):467–487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carcasson M (2013) Tackling wicked problems through deliberative engagement. [on-line]. Retrieved from: https://cpd.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2014/01/tackling-wicked-problems-through-deliberative-engagement.pdf. Accessed 5 Dec 2017

  • Catron BL (1981) On taming wicked problems. Dialogue 3(3):13–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchman CW (1967) Guest editorial: wicked problems. Manag Sci 14(4):B141–B142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conklin J (2005) Dialogue mapping: building shared understanding of wicked problems. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowley K, Head BW (2017) The enduring challenge of ‘wicked problems’: revisiting Rittel and Weber. Policy Sci 50:539–547

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dale A, Newman L (2005) Sustainable development, education and literacy. Int J Sustain High Educ 6(4):351–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies KK, Fisher KT, Dickson ME, Thrush SF, Le Heron R (2015) Improving ecosystem service frameworks to address wicked problems. [On-line]. Ecol Soc 20(2):37. Available at. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07581-200237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du Plessis, C., 2009. Urban sustainability science as a new paradigm for planning. Smart building in a changing climate (van den Dobbelsteen, A., van Dorst, M., van Timmeren, A., Techne Press, Amsterdam: 31–46

    Google Scholar 

  • FitzGibbon J, Mensah KO (2012) Climate change as a wicked problem: an evaluation of the institutional context for rural water management in Ghana. SAGE Open, (April-June): 1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Frame B (2008) ‘Wicked’, ‘messy’, and ‘clumsy’: long-term frameworks for sustainability. Environ Plan C Gov Policy 26:113–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann T (2011) Clumsy floodplains: responsive land policy for extreme floods. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Head B (2010) Wicked problems in water governance: paradigm changes to promote water sustainability and address planning uncertainty. [on-line]. Urban Water Security Research Alliance Technical Report No. 38. December. Available at: http://www.urbanwateralliance.org.au/publications/UWSRA-tr38.pdf

  • Head B (2014) Evidence, uncertainty, and wicked problems in climate change decision making in Australia. Environ Plan C Gov Policy 32:663–679

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Head B, Alford J (2008) Wicked problems: the implications for public management. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228645090_Wicked_Problems_The_Implications_for_Public_Management

  • Horn RE, Weber RP (2007) New tools for resolving wicked problems: mess mapping and resolution mapping processes. Available at: http://robertweber.typepad.com/strategykinetics/New_Tools_For_Resolving_Wicked_Problems_Exec_Summary.pdf

  • Lazarus RJ (2009) Super wicked problems and climate change: restraining the present to liberate the future. [on-line]. Georgetown Law Rev. Available at: http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/159

  • Learmonth GP Sr, Smith DE, Sherman WH, White MA, Plank J (2011) A practical approach to the complex problem of environmental sustainability: the UVa Bay Game. [on-line]. Innov J Public Sect Innov J 16(1):4. https://www.innovation.cc/scholarly-style/learmonth_sustain_inviroment_v16i1a4.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin K, Cashore B, Bernstein S, Auld G (2012) Overcoming the tragedy of super wicked problems; constraining our future selves to ameliorate climate change. Policy Sci 45:123–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Metlay D, Sarewitz D (2012) Decision strategies for addressing complex, “messy” problems. Bridge Linking Eng Soc 42(3):6–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller TR, Muñoz Erickson T, Redman CL (2011) Transforming knowledge for sustainability: towards adaptive academic institutions. Int J Sustain High Educ 12(2):177–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morelli J (2011) Environmental sustainability: a definition for environmental professionals. [on-line]. J Environ Sustain 1(2):19–27. https://doi.org/10.14448/jes.01.0002. Available at: http://scholarworks.rit.edu/jes/vol1/iss1/2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norton BG (2005) Sustainability: a philosophy of adaptive ecosystem management. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Olsson P, Folke C, Berkes F (2004) Adaptive comanagement for building resilience in social-ecological systems. Environ Manag 34(1):75–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer J, Smith T, Willetts J, Mitchell C (2009) Creativity, ethics and transformation: key factors in transdisciplinary application of systems methodology to resolving wicked problems in sustainability. In: Sheffeld J (ed) Systemic development: local solutions in a global environment. ISCE Publishers, Litchfield Park, pp 69–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Powys Whyte K, Thompson PB (2012) Ideas for how to take wicked problems seriously. J Agric Environ Ethics 25(4):441–445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redclift M (1989) Sustainable development: exploring the contradictions. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Remington-Doucette S (2013) Sustainable world: approaches to analyzing and resolving wicked problems. DebKendall Hunt Publishing, Debuque

    Google Scholar 

  • Rittel HWJ, Webber MM (1973) Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sci 4:155–169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salwasser H (2004) Confronting the implications of wicked problems: changes needed in Sierra Nevada National Forest planning and problem solving. In: Murphy DD, Stine, PA (eds.) Proceedings of the Sierra Nevada science symposium: science for management and conservation, general technical report PSW-GTR-193. USDA Forest Service, Kings Beach, pp 7–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Skaburskis A (2008) The origin of ‘wicked problems’. Plan Theory Pract 9(2):277–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Termeer CJAM, Dewulf A, Breeman G, Stiller SJ (2012) Governance capabilities for dealing wisely with wicked problems. Adm Soc XX(X):1–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Termeer C, Dewulf A, Breeman G (2013) Governance of wicked climate adaptation problems. In: Kneiling J, Filho WL (eds) Climate change governance, climate change management. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 27–39

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • UNEP (2011) Geoengineering to combat global warming. Thematic Focus: Climate Change, Environmental Governance. Available at: https://na.unep.net/geas/getUNEPPageWithArticleIDScript.php?article_id=52

  • Verweij M, Ney S (2015) Messy institutions for wicked problems: how to generate clumsy solutions. Environ Plan C Gov Policy 33:1679–1696

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vos RO (2007) Defining sustainability: a conceptual orientation. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 82(4):334–339

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waddock S, Meszoely GM, Wadell S, Dentoni D (2015) The complexity of wicked problems in large scale change. J Organ Chang Manag 28(6):993–1012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webber EP, Khademian AM (2008) Wicked problems, knowledge challenges, and collaborative capacity builders in network settings. Public Administration Review 68(2):334–349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westley F, Olsson P, Folke C, Homer-Dixon T, Vredenburg H, Loorbach D, Thompson J, Nilsson M, Lambin E, Sendzimir J, Banerjee B, Galaz V, van der Leeuw S (2011) Tipping toward sustainability: emerging pathways of transformation. AMBIO 40:762–780

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiek A, Lang DJ (2016) Transformational sustainability research methodology. In: Heinrichs H, Martens P, Michelsen G, Wiek A (eds) Sustainability science: an introduction. Springer, Dordrecht, New York, pp 31–41

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Zijp M, Posthuma L, Wintersen A, Devilee J, Swartjes FA (2016) Definition and use of solution-focused sustainability assessment: a novel approach to generate, explore and decide on sustainable solutions for wicked problems. Environ Int 91:319–331

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lorelei L. Hanson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Hanson, L.L. (2019). Wicked Problems and Sustainable Development. In: Leal Filho, W. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainability in Higher Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63951-2_522-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63951-2_522-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-63951-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-63951-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference EducationReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Education

Publish with us

Policies and ethics