Introduction
Cultural heritage and armed conflict are two domains that sit uncomfortably side by side and yet are irrevocably linked. In the violent and volatile circumstances that characterize armed conflict, cultural heritage is often caught in the crossfire: deliberately targeted, looted, vandalized, its ownership contested, and its meanings reinterpreted by confronted sides. Recent conflicts have also shown how cultural heritage can be instrumentalized in order to drive cleavages between communities. Cultural heritage sites have been taken hostage and are employed as bargaining chips, or their destruction used to send intimidating messages. It is not surprising then that the management of cultural heritage during armed conflicts poses a considerable challenge.
Cultural heritage is managed at all stages in a conflict cycle, from the initial sabre-rattling through the phases of the conflict and right to the reconstruction process. The management of cultural heritage before armed...
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
References
Boylan, P. 2003. Assessing risk: Museum emergency planning for natural, civil and armed conflict risks. In Cultural heritage disaster preparedness and response. International symposium proceedings. Slar Jung Museum, Hyderabad, 23–27 Nov. ICOM.
Brodie, N. 2015. Syria and its regional neighbors: A case of cultural property protection policy failure? International Journal of Cultural Property 22 (2–3): 317–335.
Curtis, J. 2011. Archaeology and cultural heritage in war zones. In History for the taking? Perspectives on material heritage. London: Policy Centre & The British Academy.
Di Cesari, C. 2015. Post-colonial ruins: Archaeologies of political violence and IS. Anthropology Today 31 (6): 22–26.
Gamboni, D. 2007. The destruction of art. Iconoclasm and vandalism since the French revolution. London: Reaktion Books.
George, D. 2008. The looting of the Iraq National Museum. In The destruction of cultural heritage in Iraq, ed. P.G. Stone and J. Farchakh Bajjaly. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
Hadik, J. 2001. Protection of cultural heritage during hostilities. Museum International 53 (3): 65–66. UNESCO, Paris, No. 211.
International Criminal Court. 2017. Al Mahdi case: ICC Trial Chamber VIII issues reparations order, Press Release ICC-CPI-20170817-PR1329, 17 July 2017, at: www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1329. Accessed 9 Oct 2017.
Meskell, L. 2015. World heritage and WikiLeaks. Territory, trade, and temples on the Thai-Cambodian border. Current Anthropology 57 (1): 72–95. (February 2016).
O’Keefe, R. 2006. The protection of cultural property in armed conflict. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Schindler, D., and J. Toman, eds. 1988. The laws of armed conflicts: A collection of conventions, resolutions and other documents. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
Silverman, H., ed. 2011. Contested cultural heritage. Religion, nationalism, erasure and exclusion in a global world. New York: Springer.
Stone, P.G. 2013. A four-tier approach to the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict. Antiquity 87 (335): 166–177.
Stone, P.G. 2016. The challenge of protecting heritage in times of armed conflict. In News in Conservation, issue 53. www.iiconservation.org/node/6323. Accessed 9 Oct 2017.
Toman, J. 1996. The protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict: Commentary on the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its Protocol, signed on 14 May 1954 in The Hague, and on other instruments of international law concerning such protection. Aldershot: Dartmouth.
UNESCO. 2015. Culture stands on the front-line of conflict – It should be at the front-line of peace building, Director-General states to UN Security Council, 27 April 2015, http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1269/. Accessed 5 Oct 2017.
UNESCO. 2016. UNESCO calls to harness the role of heritage in peace-building. June 9. www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/single-view/news/unesco_calls_to_harness_the_role_of_heritage_in_peace_buildi/#.V7XQ8_krLIU. Accessed 5 Oct 2017.
Viejo-Rose, D. 2007. Conflict and the deliberate destruction of cultural heritage. In Conflicts and tensions. The cultures and globalization series, ed. Y.R. Isar and H. Anheier, vol. 1. London: Sage.
Viejo-Rose, D., and M.L.S. Sørensen. 2015. Cultural heritage and conflict: New questions for an old relationship. In A companion to contemporary heritage research, ed. E. Waterton and S. Watson. Basingstoke/New York: Palgrave McMillan.
Further Reading
Bevan, R. 2006. The destruction of memory. Architecture at war. London: Reaktion Books.
Boylan, P.J. 1993. Review of the convention for the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict (The Hague Convention of 1954). Paris: UNESCO.
Isar, Y.R., H. Anheier, and D. Viejo-Rose, eds. 2011. Heritage, memory and identity. Cultures and globalization series. Vol. 4. London: Sage.
Meskell, L. 1998. Archaeology under fire: Nationalism, politics and heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. London: Routledge.
Rothfield, L. 2009. The rape of Mesopotamia: Behind the looting of the Iraq museum. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Rush, L., ed. 2010. Archaeology, cultural property, and the military. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
Sørensen, M.L.S., and D. Viejo-Rose, eds. 2015. War and cultural heritage: Biographies of place. Cambridge, MA: CUP.
Stone, P.G. 2011. Introduction: The ethical challenges for cultural heritage experts working with the military. In Cultural heritage, ethics, and the military, ed. P.G. Stone, 1–28. Woodbridge: Boydell.
Stone, P.G., and J. Farchakh Bajjaly, eds. 2008. The destruction of cultural heritage in Iraq. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
UNESCO. Protect cultural property in the event of armed conflict. UNESCO document CLT/CIH/MCO/2008/PI/69/REV. Available on-line at: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001386/138645e.pdf.
Uzzel, D., and R. Ballanty. 2008. Heritage that hurts. Interpretation in a postmodern world. In The heritage reader, ed. J. Schofield et al., 502–513.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this entry
Cite this entry
Viejo-Rose, D. (2018). Cultural Heritage Management and Armed Conflict. In: Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_1816-2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_1816-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-51726-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-51726-1
eBook Packages: Springer Reference HistoryReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Humanities