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Unmanned Aircraft System Legislative Trends in the United States at the State Level, 2013–2016: A Comprehensive Review

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  • First Online:
Handbook of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Abstract

The United States (US) Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 mandated the “safe integration of civil unmanned aircraft systems” (UAS) into the national airspace system (NAS) by the end of 2015. However, the FAA did not release its final rule until 2016. Even during the pendency of the rule, it was clear that the FAA intended to regulate safety, not privacy. In the absence of federal guidance, state legislatures began to introduce, and in some cases pass, laws to regulate UAS use within their jurisdictional limits. In fact, between 2013 and 2016, the overwhelming majority of states attempted to address the UAS issue through legislative proposals addressing privacy, using an approach borrowed from constitutional concepts. Specifically, legislators appeared to use the principles embodied in the Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution, as applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, as a model for their action. As such, the proposals generally prohibited governmental actors from collecting information with a UAS, absent a judicial warrant or another enumerated exception. However, the approaches taken were often more restrictive than otherwise permissible under long-standing judicial precedent. Additionally, once the threshold issue of proper approval was addressed, many proposals also contained other significant limitations on UAS use including procedural hurdles, operational constraints, detailed reporting and oversight regimes, and significant ramifications for violations that are not required for other technologies or modes of information gathering. Over time, state legislation evolved as UAS use increased, the FAA rule was finalized, and national interests changed. In more recent years, legislators have taken a more expansive yet nuanced approach by regulating the conduct of private actors more frequently, targeting specific conduct as permissible or out of bounds, and attempting to promote local economies through UAS innovation. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of current US state UAS legislation, illustrating trends and areas of divergence, to provide insight into this one critical aspect of UAS governance, easily overlooked and often misunderstood, yet critical to operating UAS within the United States.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. USAF, Bexar County, TX, USA

    Dawn M. K. Zoldi, Gregory R. Speirs & Josie Lewber

Authors
  1. Dawn M. K. Zoldi
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  2. Gregory R. Speirs
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  3. Josie Lewber
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA

    Kimon P. Valavanis

  2. School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

    George J. Vachtsevanos

Section Editor information

  1. Colorado, USA

    Dawn Zoldi

Appendices

Appendix A: State UAS Bills 2013–2016

2013 legislation : Sen. 317, 2013 Leg., (Ala. 2013); H.R. 159a, 2013 Leg., 27th Sess. (Alaska 2013); H.R. 6, 2013 Leg., 27th Sess. (Alaska 2013); H.R. 2269, 2013 Leg., 49st Sess. (Ariz. 2013); H.R. 1109, 2013 Leg., 88th Sess. (Ark. 2013); Assem. 6, 2013 Leg., (Cal. 2013); Sen. 15, 2013 Leg., (Cal. 2013); Sen. 92, 2013 Leg., (Fla. 2013); H.R. 560, 2013 Leg., 150th Sess. (Ga. 2013); Sen. 200, 2013 Leg., 150th Sess. (Ga. 2013); Sen. 783, 2013 Leg., 26th Sess. (Haw. 2013); Sen. 1134, 2013 Leg., (Idaho 2013); Sen. 1587, 2013 Leg., 97th Sess. (Ill. 2013); Sen. 217, 2013 Leg., 97th Sess. (Ill. 2013); H.R. 1652, 2013 Leg., 97th Sess. (Ill. 2013); Sen. 20, 2013 Leg., (Ind. 2013); Sen. 27, 2013 Leg., (Ind. 2013); Sen. 276, 2013 Leg., (Iowa 2013); H.R. 410, 2013 Leg., (Iowa 2013); H.R. 427, 2013 Leg., (Iowa 2013); H.R. 2394, 2013 Leg., (Kan. 2013); H.R. 454, 2013 Leg., (Ky. 2013); Sen. 1, 2013 Leg., (Ky. 2013); Sen. 72, 2013 Leg., 125th Sess. (Me. 2013); Del. 1233, 2013 Leg., 426th Sess. (Md. 2013); H.R. 1357, 2013 Leg., 187th Sess. (Mass. 2013); Sen. 1664, 2013 Leg., 187th Sess. (Mass. 2013); H.R. 4455, 2013 Leg., (Mich. 2013); H.R. 3157, 2013 Leg., (Mich. 2013); H.R. 612, 2013 Leg., 87th Sess. (Minn. 2013); H.R. 71620, 2013 Leg., 87th Sess. (Minn. 2013); H.R. 1706, 2013 Leg., 87th Sess. (Minn. 2013); H.R. 990, 2013 Leg., 87th Sess. (Minn. 2013); Sen. 485, 2013 Leg., 87th Sess. (Minn. 2013); Sen. 1506, 2013 Leg., 87th Sess. (Minn. 2013); H.R. 46, 2013 Leg., 97th Sess. (Mo. 2013); Sen. 196, 2013 Leg., 63th Sess. (Mont. 2014); Assem. 412, 2013 Leg., (Neb. 2013); Assem. 507, 2013 Leg., 76th Sess. (Nev. 2013); Sen. 385, 2013 Leg., 76th Sess. (Nev. 2013); H.R. 619, 2013 Leg., 162th Sess. (N.H. 2013); Assem. 3157, 2013 Leg., 214th Sess. (Nev. 2013); Assem. 3929, 2013 Leg., 214th Sess. (Nev. 2013); Sen. 556, 2013 Leg., 50th Sess. (N.M. 2013); Assem. 6370, 2013 Leg., 199th Sess. (N.Y. 2013); Sen. 4537, 2013 Leg., 199th Sess. (N.Y. 2013); Assem. 6244, 2013 Leg., 199th Sess. (N.Y. 2013); Assem. 8091, 2013 Leg., 199th Sess. (N.Y. 2013); Assem. 654, 2013 Leg., 199th Sess. (N.Y. 2013); Sen. 402, 2013 Leg., (N.C. 2013); H.R. 312, 2013 Leg., (N.C. 2013); H.R. 1373, 2013 Leg., 62nd Sess. (N.D. 2013); H.R. 1372, 2013 Leg., 62nd Sess. (N.D. 2013); H.R. 2018, 2013 Leg., 62nd Sess. (N.D. 2013); H.R. 207, 2013 Leg., (Ohio 2013); H.R. 1556, 2013 Leg., 52nd Sess. (Okla. 2013); H.R. 1795, 2013 Leg., 52nd Sess. (Okla. 2013); H.R. 2710, 2013 Leg., 76th Sess. (Org. 2013); Sen. 524, 2013 Leg., 76th Sess. (Org. 2013); Sen. 71, 2013 Leg., 76th Sess. (Org. 2013); H.R. 916, 2013 Leg., (Pa. 2013); Sen. 875, 2013 Leg., (Pa. 2013); H.R. 564, 2013 Leg., (R.I. 2013); H.R. 3415, 2013 Leg., (S.C. 2013); Sen. 395, 2013 Leg., (S.C. 2013); H.R. 591, 2013 Leg., 107th Sess. (Tenn. 2013); Sen. 9796, 2013 Leg., 107th Sess. (Tenn. 2013); H.R. 912, 2013 Leg., 81st Sess. (Tex. 2013); H.R. 540, 2013 Leg., (Vt. 2013); Sen. 169, 2013 Leg., (Vt. 2013); H.D. 2012, 2013 Leg., (Va. 2013); Sen. 954, 2013 Leg., (Va. 2013); Sen. 5782, 2013 Leg., 62nd Sess. (Wash. 2013); H.R 1771, 2013 Leg., 62nd Sess. (Wash. 2013); H.D. 2732, 2013 Leg., 80th Sess. (W. Va. 2013); H.D. 2948, 2013 Leg., 80th Sess. (W. Va. 2013); H.D. 101, 2013 Leg., 80th Sess. (W. Va. 2013); H.D. 2997, 2013 Leg., 80th Sess. (W. Va. 2013); Assem. 203, 2013 Leg., 99th Sess. (Wis. 2013); Sen. 196, 2013 Leg., 99th Sess. (Wis. 2013); H.R. 242, 2013 Leg., 60th Sess. (Wyo. 2013).

2014 legislation : Sen. 240, 2014 Leg., (Ala. 2014); H.R. 15, 2014 Leg., 28th Sess. (Alaska 2014); H.R. 255, 2014 Leg., 28th Sess. (Alaska 2014); H.R. 136, 2014 Leg., 28th Sess. (Alaska 2014); Sen. 11, 2014 Leg., 28th Sess. (Alaska 2014); H.R. 2538, 2014 Leg., 51st Sess. (Ariz. 2014); H.R. 2334, 2014 Leg., 51st Sess. (Ariz. 2014); Assem. 1524, 2014 Leg., (Cal. 2014); H.R. 5217, 2014 Leg., (Conn. 2014); Sen. 92, 2014 Leg., (Fla. 2014); Sen. 3058, 2014 Leg., 27th Sess. (Haw. 2014); Sen. 82608, 2014 Leg., 27th Sess. (Haw. 2014); Sen. 2582, 2014 Leg., 27th Sess. (Haw. 2014); H.R. 1561, 2014 Leg., 27th Sess. (Haw. 2014); H.R. 1567, 2014 Leg., 27th Sess. (Haw. 2014); H.R. 1691, 2014 Leg., 27th Sess. (Haw. 2014); H.R. 1775, 2014 Leg., 27th Sess. (Haw. 2014); H.R. 1827, 2014 Leg., 27th Sess. (Haw. 2014); H.R. 2421, 2014 Leg., 27th Sess. (Haw. 2014); H.R. 2627, 2014 Leg., 27th Sess. (Haw. 2014); H.R. 2152, 2014 Leg., 27th Sess. (Haw. 2014); Sen. 2937, 2014 Leg., 98th Sess. (Ill. 2014); Sen. 336, 2014 Leg., (Ind. 2014); Sen. 2314, 2014 Leg., (Iowa 2014); Sen. 2157, 2014 Leg., (Iowa 2014); Sen. 3145, 2014 Leg., (Iowa 2014); H.R. 2289, 2014 Leg., (Iowa 2014); H.R. 2683, 2014 Leg., (Kan. 2014); H.R. 2240, 2014 Leg., (Kan. 2014); Sen. 409, 2014 Leg., (Kan. 2014); Sen. 1328, 2014 Leg., (Ky. 2014); H.R. 11, 2014 Leg., (Ky. 2014); H.R. 124, 2014 Leg., (La. 2014); Sen. 330, 2014 Leg., (La. 2014); Sen. 356, 2014 Leg., (La. 2014); Del. 785, 2014 Leg., 427th Sess. (Md. 2014); Del. 847, 2014 Leg., 427th Sess. (Md. 2014); Sen. 926, 2014 Leg., 430th Sess. (Md. 2014); H.R. 5631, 2014 Leg., (Mich. 2014); H.R. 16, 2014 Leg., (Mich. 2014); H.R. 280, 2014 Leg., (Mich. 2014); H.R. 17, 2014 Leg., (Mich. 2014); H.R. 279, 2014 Leg., (Mich. 2014); Sen. 107, 2014 Leg., (Mich. 2014); Sen. 927, 2014 Leg., (Mich. 2014); Sen. 926, 2014 Leg., (Mich. 2014); H.R. 1994, 2014 Leg., 88th Sess. (Minn. 2014); H.R. 2553, 2014 Leg., 88th Sess. (Minn. 2014); H.R. 2552, 2014 Leg., 88th Sess. (Minn. 2014); Sen. 2687, 2014 Leg., 88th Sess. (Minn. 2014); Sen. 2037, 2014 Leg., 88th Sess. (Minn. 2014); H.R. 1204, 2014 Leg., 97th Sess. (Mo. 2014); Sen. 7, 2014 Leg., 77th Sess. (Nev. 2014); H.R. 1307, 2014 Leg., 163rd Sess. (N.H. 2014); Assem. 534, 2014 Leg., 215th Sess. (Nev. 2014); Assem. 4073, 2014 Leg., 215th Sess. (Nev. 2014); Assem. 4381, 2014 Leg., 215th Sess. (Nev. 2014); Assem. 4091, 2014 Leg., 215th Sess. (Nev. 2014); Sen. 2702, 2014 Leg., 215th Sess. (Nev. 2014); Sen. 2310, 2014 Leg., 215th Sess. (Nev. 2014); Assem. 9697, 2014 Leg., 200th Sess. (N.Y. 2014); Assem. 6541, 2014 Leg., 200th Sess. (N.Y. 2014); Assem. 4839, 2014 Leg., 200th Sess. (N.Y. 2014); Sen. 6412, 2014 Leg., 200th Sess. (N.Y. 2014); Sen. 7479, 2014 Leg., 200th Sess. (N.Y. 2014); Sen. 7639, 2014 Leg., 200th Sess. (N.Y. 2014); Sen. 402, 2014 Leg., (N.C. 2014); H.R. 1099, 2014 Leg., (N.C. 2014); H.R. 1208, 2014 Leg., (N.C. 2014); H.R. 45, 2014 Leg., (Ohio 2014); H.R. 364, 2014 Leg., (Ohio 2014); Sen. 189, 2014 Leg., (Ohio 2014); H.R. 3055, 2014 Leg., 53rd Sess. (Okla. 2014); H.R. 3039, 2014 Leg., 53rd Sess. (Okla. 2014); H.R. 2354, 2014 Leg., 78th Sess. (Org. 2014); Sen. 393, 2014 Leg., 78th Sess. (Org. 2014); Sen. 1334, 2014 Leg., (Pa. 2014); Sen. 1332, 2014 Leg., (Pa. 2014); H.R. 7170, 2014 Leg., (R.I. 2014); Sen. 2362, 2014 Leg., (R.I. 2014); H.R. 591, 2014 Leg., 108th Sess. (Tenn. 2014); H.R. 1779, 2014 Leg., 108th Sess. (Tenn. 2014); H.R. 1669, 2014 Leg., 108th Sess. (Tenn. 2014); Sen. 1752, 2014 Leg., 108th Sess. (Tenn. 2014); Sen. 1892, 2014 Leg., 108th Sess. (Tenn. 2014); H.R. 866 2014 Leg., 82nd Sess. (Tex. 2014); H.R. 167, 2014 Leg., 59th Sess. (Utah 2014); Sen. 6179, 2014 Leg., 63rd Sess. (Wash. 2014); H.R. 2789, 2014 Leg., 63rd Sess. (Wash. 2014); H.R 2178, 2014 Leg., 63rd Sess. (Wash. 2014); Assem. 203, 2014 Leg., 100th Sess. (Wis. 2014); Sen. 196, 2014 Leg., 100th Sess. (Wis. 2014); H.R. 105, 2014 Leg., 61st Sess. (Wyo. 2014).

2015 legislation : Sen. 166, 2015 Leg., (Ala. 2015); H.R. 5, 2015 Leg., 29th Sess. (Alaska 2015); H.R. 2659, 2015 Leg., 51st Sess. (Ariz. 2015); Sen. 1014, 2015 Leg., 52nd Sess. (Ariz. 2015); H.R. 1079, 2015 Leg., 90th Sess. (Ark. 2015); H.R. 1770, 2015 Leg., 90th Sess. (Ark. 2015); H.R. 1349, 2015 Leg., 90th Sess. (Ark. 2015); Sen. 170, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); Assem. 56, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); Sen. 142, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); Sen. 271, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); Sen. 262, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); Assem. 43, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); Sen. 263, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); Sen. 19, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); Assem. 13, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); Assem. 14, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); Assem. 37, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); H.R. 15-1115, 2015 Leg., (Colo. 2015); Sen. 15-059, 2015 Leg., (Colo. 2015); H.R. 195, 2015 Leg., 147th Sess. (Del. 2015); Sen. 1178, 2015 Leg., (Fla. 2015); H.R. 5, 2015 Leg., 152nd Sess. (Ga. 2015); H.R. 44, 2015 Leg., 152nd Sess. (Ga. 2015); Sen. 661, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); Sen. 892, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); Sen. 12, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); Sen. 1329, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); Sen. 887, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); Sen. 36, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); Sen. 579, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 133, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 636, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 196, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 609, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 637, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); Sen. 44, 2015 Leg., 99th Sess. (Ill. 2015); Sen. 1371, 2015 Leg., 99th Sess. (Ill. 2015); Sen. 44, 2015 Leg., (Iowa 2015); Sen. 1371, 2015 Leg., (Iowa 2015); H.R. 2397, 2015 Leg., (Kan. 2015); Sen. 56, 2015 Leg., (Ky. 2015); Sen. 183, 2015 Leg., (La. 2015); H.R. 25, 2015 Leg., 127th Sess. (Me. 2015); Del. 620, 2015 Leg., 428th Sess. (Md. 2015); Sen. 370, 2015 Leg., 431st Sess. (Md. 2015); H.R. 1322, 2015 Leg., 189th Sess. (Mass. 2015); Sen. 447, 2015 Leg., 189th Sess. (Mass. 2015); Sen. 1835, 2015 Leg., 189th Sess. (Mass. 2015); H.R. 4726, 2015 Leg., (Mich. 2015); H.R. 59, 2015 Leg., (Mich. 2015); Sen. 432, 2015 Leg., (Mich. 2015); Sen. 433, 2015 Leg., (Mich. 2015); Sen. 54, 2015 Leg., (Mich. 2015); Sen. 55, 2015 Leg., (Mich. 2015); H.R. 1197, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 786, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 1194, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 986, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 1491, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 878, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 1792, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 686, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 1299, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 685, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 1260, 2015 Leg., (Miss. 2015); H.R. 931, 2015 Leg., 98th Sess. (Mo. 2015). H.R. 848, 2015 Leg., 98th Sess. (Mo. 2015); H.R. 269, 2015 Leg., 98th Sess. (Mo. 2015); Sen. 231, 2015 Leg., 98th Sess. (Mo. 2015); H.R. 278, 2014 Leg., 64th Sess. (Mont. 2014); H.R. 593, 2014 Leg., 64th Sess. (Mont. 2014); Assem. 239, 2015 Leg., 78th Sess. (Nev. 2015); Sen. 222, 2015 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2015); H.R. 240, 2015 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2015); H.R. 240, 2015 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2015); Assem. 4344, 2015 Leg., 216th Sess. (N.J. 2015); H.R. 81, 2015 Leg., 52nd Sess. (N.M. 2015); H.R. 91, 2015 Leg., 52nd Sess. (N.M. 2015); Sen. 82, 2015 Leg., 52nd Sess. (N.M. 2015); Sen. 303, 2015 Leg., 52nd Sess. (N.M. 2015); Assem. 1247, 2015 Leg., 201st Sess. (N.Y. 2015); Sen. 622, 2015 Leg., (N.C. 2015); H.R. 699, 2015 Leg., (N.C. 2015); H.R. 4, 2015 Leg., (N.C. 2015); H.R. 1328, 2015 Leg., 64th Sess. (N.D. 2015); H.R. 1018, 2015 Leg., 64th Sess. (N.D. 2015); Sen. 492, 2015 Leg., 54th Sess. (Okla. 2015); Sen. 503, 2015 Leg., 54th Sess. (Okla. 2015); H.R. 2354, 2015 Leg., 78th Sess. (Org. 2015); Sen. 393, 2015 Leg., 78th Sess. (Org. 2015); H.R. 409, 2015 Leg., (Pa. 2015); H.R. 5453, 2015 Leg., (R.I. 2015); H.R. 5454, 2015 Leg., (R.I. 2015); H.R. 5292, 2015 Leg., (R.I. 2015); H.R. 5293, 2015 Leg., (R.I. 2015); Sen. 179, 2015 Leg., (R.I. 2015); H.R. 3415, 2015 Leg., (S.C. 2015); Sen. 498, 2015 Leg., (S.C. 2015); H.R. 486, 2015 Leg., 109th Sess. (Tenn. 2015); Sen. 991, 2015 Leg., 109th Sess. (Tenn. 2015); H.R. 3429 2015 Leg., 83rd Sess. (Tex. 2015); H.R. 3628, 2015 Leg., 83rd Sess. (Tex. 2015); H.R. 2167, 2015 Leg., 83rd Sess. (Tex. 2015); H.R 1481, 2015 Leg., 83rd Sess. (Tex. 2015); H.R. 296, 2015 Leg., 60th Sess. (Utah 2015); H.D. 2125, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); H.D. 2077, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); Sen. 1301, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); Sen. 751, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); Sen. 5499, 2015 Leg., 64th Sess. (Wash. 2015); H.R. 1093, 2015 Leg., 64th Sess. (Wash. 2015); H.R 2016, 2015 Leg., 64th Sess. (Wash. 2015); H.D. 2653, 2015 Leg., 82nd Sess. (W. Va. 2015); Assem. 90, 2015 Leg., 101st Sess. (Wis. 2015); Sen. 82, 2015 Leg., 101st Sess. (Wis. 2015); H.R. 18, 2014 Leg., 61st Sess. (Wyo. 2014).

2016 legislation : H.B. 57, 2016 Leg., (Ala. 2016); Sen. R. 90, 2016 Leg., (Ala. 2016); Sen. 378, 2016 Leg., (Ala. 2016); H.B. 471, 2016 Leg., (Ala. 2016); H.C.R. 17, 2016 Leg., 29th Sess. (Alaska 2016); H.B. 256, 2016 Leg., 29th Sess. (Alaska 2016); Sen. 1449, 2016 Leg., 51st Sess. (Ariz. 2016); Sen. 2073, 2016 Leg., 51st Sess. (Ariz. 2016); Assem. 1662, 2016 Leg., (Cal. 2016); Assem. 2724, 2016 Leg., (Cal. 2016); Assem. 2148, 2016 Leg., (Cal. 2016); Assem. 807, 2016 Leg., (Cal. 2016); Assem. 2320, 2016 Leg., (Cal. 2016); Assem. 1680, 2016 Leg., (Cal. 2016); S.C.R. 85, 2016 Leg., 148th Sess. (Del. 2016); H.R. 779, 2016 Leg., 152nd Sess. (Ga. 2016); Sen. 325, 2016 Leg., 152nd Sess. (Ga. 2016); Sen. 3073, 2016 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2016); H.R. 2021, 2016 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2016); Sen. 2172, 2016 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2016); Sen. 2347, 2016 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2016); H.R. 2684, 2016 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2016); Sen. 2965, 2016 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2016); Sen. 3062, 2016 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2016); H.R. 1805, 2016 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2016); H.R. 1914, 2016 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2016); H.R. 1979, 2016 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2016); H.R. 2114, 2016 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2016); Sen. 2415, 2016 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2016); Sen. 2712, 2016 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2016); H.R. 1522, 2016 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2016); H.R. 1582, 2016 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2016); H.R. 1632, 2016 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2016); Sen. 1213, 2016 Leg., (Idaho 2016); H.R. 5808, 2016 Leg., 99th Sess. (Ill. 2016); Sen. 2344, 2016 Leg., 99th Sess. (Ill. 2016); H.R. 4538, 2016 Leg., 99th Sess. (Ill. 2016); H.R. 1246, 2016 Leg., (Ind. 2016); H.R. 1013, 2016 Leg., (Ind. 2016); Sen. 149, 2016 Leg., (Ind. 2016); Sen. 7, 2016 Leg., (Ind. 2016); Sen. 462, 2016 Leg., (Kan. 2016); H.R. 2634, 2016 Leg., (Kan. 2016); H.R. 2443, 2016 Leg., (Kan. 2016); Sen. 281, 2016 Leg., (Ky. 2016); Sen. 233, 2016 Leg., (Ky. 2016); H.R. 445, 2016 Leg., (Ky. 2016); H.R. 375, 2016 Leg., (Ky. 2016); Sen. 62, 2016 Leg., (Ky. 2016); H.R. 22, 2016 Leg., (Ky. 2016); Sen. 472, 2016 Leg., (La. 2016); Sen. 73, 2016 Leg., (La. 2016); H.R. 335, 2016 Leg., (La. 2016); Sen. 124, 2016 Leg., (La. 2016); H.R. 19, 2016 Leg., (La. 2016); Sen. 141, 2016 Leg., (La. 2016); H.R. 635, 2016 Leg., (La. 2016); H.R. 1094, 2016 Leg., (La. 2016); H.R. 811, 2016 Leg., (La. 2016); H.R. 5276, 2016 Leg., (Mich. 2016); Sen. 800, 2016 Leg., (Mich. 2016); H.R. 5294, 2016 Leg., (Mich. 2016); H.R. 5754, 2016 Leg., (Mich. 2016); H.R. 5726, 2016 Leg., (Mich. 2016); H.R. 5726, 2016 Leg., (Mich. 2016); H.R. 3517, 2016 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2016); Sen. 2630, 2016 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2016); H.R. 2406, 2016 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2016); Sen. 2507, 2016 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2016); H.R. 2485, Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2016); Sen. 2485, 2016 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2016); H.R. 1962, 2016 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2016); H.R. 2485, 2016 Leg., (Miss. 2016); Sen. 1962, 2016 Leg., 98th Sess. (Mo. 2016); H.R. 720, Leg., (Neb. 2016); H.R. 1344, 2016 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2016); H.R. 1402, 2016 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2016); H.R. 494, 2016 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2016); Sen. 35, 2016 Leg., 216th Sess. (N.J. 2016); Assem. 78, 2016 Leg., 216th Sess. (N.J. 2016); Assem. 1247, 2016 Leg., 201st Sess. (N.Y. 2016); Sen. 959, 2016 Leg., (N.C. 2016); H.R. 1148, 2016 Leg., (N.C. 2016); Sen. 2599, 2016 Leg., 54th Sess. (Okla. 2016); H.R., 2377 Leg., 54th Sess. (Okla. 2016); H.R., 2368 Leg., 54th Sess. (Okla. 2016); H.R., 2368 Leg., 54th Sess. (Okla. 2016); H.R., 2591 Leg., 54th Sess. (Okla. 2016); H.R., 3001 Leg., 54th Sess. (Okla. 2016); H.R. 4066, 2015 Leg., 78th Sess. (Org. 2015); Sen. 1323, 2016 Leg., (Pa. 2016); H.R. 7511, 2016 Leg., (R.I. 2016); H.R. 7334, 2016 Leg., (R.I. 2016); Sen. 3099, 20156 Leg., (R.I. 2016); H.R. 8066, 2016 Leg., (R.I. 2016); Sen. 2230, 2016 Leg., (R.I. 2016); H.R. 7022, 2016 Leg., (R.I. 2016); H.R. 2376, 2016 Leg., 109th Sess. (Tenn. 2016); Sen. 2470, 2016 Leg., 109th Sess. (Tenn. 2016); H.R. 1811, 2016 Leg., 109th Sess. (Tenn. 2016); Sen. 2106, 2016 Leg., 109th Sess. (Tenn. 2016); Sen. H.R. 2607, 2016 Leg., 109th Sess. (Tenn. 2016); Sen. 2634, 2016 Leg., 109th Sess. (Tenn. 2016); H.R. 1781, 2016 Leg., 109th Sess. (Tenn. 2016); Sen. 1863, 2016 Leg., 109th Sess. (Tenn. 2016); H.R. 106, 2016 Leg., 83rd Sess. (Tex. 2016); H.R. 638, 2016 Leg., 83rd Sess. (Tex. 2016); Sen. 395, 2016 Leg., 83rd Sess. (Tex. 2016); H.R. 126, 2016 Leg., 60th Sess. (Utah 2016); H.R. 420, 2016 Leg., 60th Sess. (Utah 2016); Sen. 210, 2016 Leg., 60th Sess. (Utah 2016); Sen. 211, 2016 Leg., 60th Sess. (Utah 2016); Sen. J. R. 11, 2016 Leg., 60th Sess. (Utah 2016); Sen. 155, (Vt. 2016); H.R. 1230, 2016 Leg., (Va. 2016); H.R. 412, 2016 Leg., (Va. 2016); H.R. 97, 2016 Leg., (Va. 2016); Sen. 729, 2016 Leg., (Va. 2016); H.R. 413, 2016 Leg., (Va. 2016); H.R. 1230, 1167 Leg., (Va. 2016); H.R. 396, 2016 Leg., (Va. 2016); H.R. 385, 2016 Leg., (Va. 2016); H.R. 561, 2016 Leg., (Va. 2016); H.R. 878, 2016 Leg., (Va. 2016); H.R. 232, 2016 Leg., (Va. 2016); H.R. 737, 2016 Leg., (Va. 2016); Sen. 584, 2016 Leg., (Va. 2016); Sen. 226, 2016 Leg., (Va. 2016); Sen. 235, 2016 Leg., (Va. 2016); Sen. 177, 2016 Leg., (Va. 2016); H.R. 2774, 2016 Leg., 64th Sess. (Wash. 2016); Sen. 291, 2016 Leg., 82nd Sess. (W. Va. 2016); Sen. 560, 2016 Leg., 82nd Sess. (W. Va. 2016); Sen. 2653, 2016 Leg., 82nd Sess. (W. Va. 2016).

Appendix B: Federal Aviation Administration Guidance

  1. 1.

    PL 112-95, 112th Congress (H.R. 658), amending 49 U.S.C. 40101, FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, section 332, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-112hr658enr/pdf/BILLS-112hr658enr.pdf.

  2. 2.

    Federal Aviation Administration, Operation and Certification of Small Ummanned Aircraft Systems, June 28, 2016, available at https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/06/28/2016-15079/operation-and-certification-of-small-unmanned-aircraft-systems.

Appendix C: State Legislation Applicability Provisions

Bills that apply to federal or US government employees tend to use broad terms such as “all persons” or “agents.” See Ala. SB 317, Sec. 1(2); Alaska HB 159a, Sec 13(b); Ariz. SB 1109, Sec.1., 5-60-106(b)(1)(A)–(B); Ariz. HB 2574, sec. 13-3007.B.; Cal. SB No. 15, Sec. 2(a)–(b), amending Sec. 1708.8 of the Civil Code; Ga. SB 200, Sec. 4(1); see also Ga. HB 560, Sec. 2 amending Art. 2 of Ch. 5 of Title 17 Official Code of GA Ann. As 17-5-33(1) and (2); Haw. SB 783, Sec. 2563B-2(b); Idaho SB 1134, Sec. 1(2)(a); Ind. SB 20, Sec. 4(a); Ky. 14 RS BR 1, Sec. 1(1)(c); Mass. SB 1664, Sec. 1(c) and HB 1357, Sec. 1(c); Mich. HB 4455, Section 1; Minn. HF 990, Sec. 3, Subd. 1(b); Mo. HB 46, Sec. 305.637.2.; N.J. AB 3929; N.Y. AO 8091, Sec. 1, para. 5; N.Y. AO 6244, Section 1, para. 1.; N.Y. AO 4537 AO 6370, para. 5(C).; N.Y. AO 6541, Sec. 66-A(2); N.C. HB 312, Sec.2(a)(2); Ohio HB 364, Sec.4561.52(A); Ohio SB 189, Sec. 4561.51(A); Okla. HB 1556, Sec. 3(B)(6); Or. SB 853, Sec.1(2) and Minn. HF 1620/ 1706, Sec. 3, Sub 1. (c); Or. HB 2710, Sec. 1(1)(b), Or. SB 71, and Or. SB 853, Sec.2(2); R.I. Gen. Assembly Jan. 2013, amending title 12 of General Laws, Ch. 5.3, 12-5.3.-1 and 12-5.3.-2.; S.C. HB 3415, amending Ch. 13, Title 17 of 1976 Code as 17-13-180.(A)(2); Tex. HB 912, Ch. 423, Sec. 423.003(a) and Ch. 423, Sec. 423.002(8); W. Va. HB 2732, Art. 7, sec. 1-7-2; Wyo. HB 0242, 7-3-1002(a)(ii); Wash. HB 1771 Sec. 6 and Wash. SB 5782, Sec. 2(6); Wis. AB 203/SB 196, Sec.3(2). An outlier, Ark. SB 1109, Sec. 1(b)(2), makes it a crime to knowingly use a UAS to record another person or another person’s property and specifically excludes law enforcement from its provisions.

State bills which broadly apply to any “person” or “entity” extend their reach to “agents” of state law enforcement or purport to apply to those acting under state authority would also apply to DoD officials, employees, or personnel. See Ky. 14 R.S. B.R. 1, Sec. 1(4)(b); Okla. HB 1556, Section 5.C. and Sec. 4.A; N.J. Assembly No. 3157, para. 5; Mo. HB 46 Sec. 305.639(2); Or. SB 853, Sec. 12(1); Or. HB 2710, Sec. 16.; Pa. SB 875, Sec. 5(1)–(3); Tex. HB 912, Ch. 423, Sec. 423.002; and Va. HB 2012, para. 1 Section 1. The Oregon law explicitly exempts the “Armed Forces of the United States” from its provisions. Or. HB 2710, Sec. 16. The law references ORS 351.642, which defines “Armed Forces of the United States” as including (A) the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps and Coast Guard of the United States; (B) Reserve components of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps and Coast Guard of the United States; and (C) The National Guard of the United States and the Oregon National Guard. http://www.oregonlaws.org/ors/351.642. The Texas law contains a lengthy “non- applicability” section which excludes UAS use, that is, “part of an operation, exercise, or mission of any branch of the United States military” Tex. HB No. 912, Sec. 423.002(3). The Virginia bill, which was approved on April 3, 2013, and contains verbatim language of a Pennsylvania Senate Bill mentioned above, exempts its National Guard from prohibitions on UAS use before 2015. Both state, “The prohibitions in this section shall not apply to the (State) National Guard while utilizing unmanned aircraft systems during training required to maintain readiness for its federal mission, when facilitating training for other United States Department of Defense units, or when such systems are utilized for the Commonwealth for purposes other than law enforcement, including damage assessment, traffic assessment, flood stages, and wildfire assessment…” Va. HB 2012, para. 1 Section 1; Pa. SB 875, Sec. 5(1)–(3).

US military provisions appear in 21% of bills found in Haw. HB 1691, Sec. 2(b)(8); Haw. HB 2627, Sec. 1; Haw. SB 2608, Sec. 2(4); Ky. 14 R.S. B.R. 1328, Sec. 5(c) and Sec. (8); Ky. 14 R.S. B.R. 1, Sec. (4)(b) and Sec. (6); La. SB 330, Sec. 1.B. and Sec. 1.E.(2); La. SB 330, Sec. 1 Sec. 1.F(2); La. SB 356, Sec. 1.A.(1)(b); Md. HB 785, Sec. 3-1902(C)(2); Mo. HB 1204, Sec. A, 305.639, 1(7); N.J. SB 2310, Sec. 1(a); N.Y. SB 7639, Sec. 3(B)(II)(c); R.I. HB 7170 12-5.3-1(2); Tenn. HB 1779, Sec. 3(a)(3); Tenn. HB 1892, Sec. 3(a)(3); Wash. SB 6172, Sec. 9(c). However, as noted with regard to 2013 bills, above, language that includes “any person” or “federal agent” could fairly embrace active duty or National Guard operations. Adding language that applies to “any person” could potentially increase the number of bills applicable to the military to 33%.

For state actors, see Alaska SB 136, Sec 2; Ariz. HB 2538, Sec A; Cal. AB 1524; Conn. GA Bill No. 5217, Sec. 5.(3)(b); Haw. HB 1691, Sec. 2; Haw. HB 1775, Sec. 3(a); Haw. HB 1827, Sec. 2; Haw. SB 2608; Iowa HF 2289, Sec. 1; Iowa HF 2157 and SF 2314, Secs. 2.1.–2.2; Iowa SSB 3145, Sec. 1.1.a.; Md. SB 926, Sec. 1(A)(2)(I)–(II); Md. HB 785, Sec. 3-1902(A); Minn. SF 2687 Sec. 1, Subd. 1(c); Minn. HF 2553 Sec. 1, Subd. 1(c); N.J. SB 2310, Sec. 1(a), Sec. 3 (a)–(c); N.J. AB 534, Sec. 1(c); N.Y. AB 6412 Sec. 1(1); N.C. SB 744, Sec.34.30. (a) § 15A-300.1(b); N.C. HB 1099, § 15A-300.1(b); R.I. HB 7170 12-5.3-1(2); Utah SB 167 Sec. 1(1); Wash. HB 2178, Sec. 2(1); Wash. SB 6172, Sec. 2(6); Wyo. HB 105, 7-3-1002(a)(ii).

For state law enforcement agency applicability, see Alaska HB No. 209, Sec. 2(a); Alaska HB 255, Sec. 1; Alaska SB 136, Sec 2; Ariz. HB 2538, Sec A; Conn. GA Bill No. 5217, Sec. 5.(3)(b); Haw. HB 1561, Sec. 2(a); Haw. HB 1691, Sec. 2; Haw. HB 1775, Sec. 3(a) and Sec. 5; Haw. HB 2421 Sec. 4; Haw. SB 2608; Ill. SB 2937, Sec. 15; Iowa HF 2289, Sec. 1; Ky. 14 R.S. B.R. 1328, Sec.1(1)(c); Ky. 14 R.S. B.R. 1, Sec. 1(c)1. and 4.; Md. HB 785, Sec. 1(B)(1); Minn. HF 1994, Sec. 1(c); Minn. SF 2037, Sec. 1(c); Mo. HB 1204, Sec. A, 305.635, 2(c)(4); N.J. SB 2310, Sec. 1(a); N.J. AB 534, Sec. 1(b); Okla. HB 1556, Sec. 3 (B)(1); R.I. SB 2362, 12-5.3-3(1); R.I. HB 7170 12-5.3-1(2); Utah SB 167 Sec. 1(1); Wyo. HB 105, 7-3-1002(a)(ii).

Federal applicability , see Ariz. HB 2538 Sec F.1. (a); Ky. 14 RS BR 1328, Sec.1(1)(c); Ky. 14 RS BR 1, Sec. 1(c)1. and 4.; Ky. 14 RS BR 1, Sec. 1(c)2.–3.; La. SB 356, Sec. 1.A.(1)(b); N.J. SB 2310, Sec. 1(a); N.J. AB 534, Sec. 1(b); N.Y. SB 7639, Sec. 3(B)(II); Okla. HB 1556, Sec. 3 (B)(6); R.I. HB 7170 12-5.3-1(2); Wyo. HB 105, 7-3-1002(a)(ii).

Bill applicable to “a person,” specified in Cal. AB 1524; Conn. G.A. Bill No. 5217; Haw. HB 1561, Sec. 3., Haw. HB 1657, Sec. 3, Haw. HB 1657, Sec. 4.1. (j), Haw. HB 1775, Sec. 3(b) and Sec. 4(a); Haw. HB 2421, Secs. 3 and 4; Haw. SB 2152, Sec. 3; Haw. SB 2852; Haw. SB 2608; IA HF 2157 and SF 2314, Secs. 2.1.–2.2; Iowa SB 3145, Sec. 1.1.a.; Kan. SB 409, Sec. 3(a)(1)(A)–(B); Ky. 14 R.S. B.R. 1, Sec. 1(c)2.; La. SB 330, Sec. 1.B. and Sec. 1.E.(2); La. SB 356, Sec. 1.B.; Md. HB 785, Sec. 3-1902(A); Mo. HB 1204, Sec. A, 305.637, 3; N.Y. SB 7639, Sec. 3; N.C. HB 1099, § 15A-300.1(b); N.C. SB 744, Sec.34.30. (a) § 15A-300.1(b); Pa. SB 1334, Sec. 2; R.I. H. 7170 12-5.3-1(2); Wash. HB 2178, Sec. 2(1); Wash. SB 6172, Sec. 2(6).

State and local applicability , see H.R. 1770, 2015 Leg., 90th Sess. (Ark. 2015); Assem. 56, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); Sen. 262, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); Sen. 1178, 2015 Leg., (Fla. 2015); H.R. 44, 2015 Leg., 152nd Sess. (Ga. 2015); Sen. 1329, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); Sen. 67, 2015 Leg., (Iowa 2015); Sen. 370, 2015 Leg., 431st Sess. (Md. 2015); H.R. 1197, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 1194, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 686, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 685, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 931, 2015 Leg., 98th Sess. (Mo. 2015); H.R. 593, 2014 Leg., 64th Sess. (Mont. 2014); Sen. 303, 2015 Leg., 52nd Sess. (N.M. 2015); Assem. 1247, 2015 Leg., 201st Sess. (N.Y. 2015); H.R. 4, 2015 Leg., (N.C. 2015); Sen. 503, 2015 Leg., 54th Sess. (Okla. 2015); H.R. 2354, 2015 Leg., 78th Sess. (Org. 2015); Sen. 179, 2015 Leg., (R.I. 2015); H.R. 3415, 2015 Leg., (S.C. 2015); Sen. 498, 2015 Leg., (S.C. 2015); H.R 1481, 2015 Leg., 83rd Sess. (Tex. 2015); H.D. 2125, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); Sen. 1301, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015).

Military applicability , see Sen. 1178, 2015 Leg., (Fla. 2015); H.R. 44, 2015 Leg., 152nd Sess. (Ga. 2015); Sen. 579, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); Sen. 1329, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 2397, 2015 Leg., (Kan. 2015); H.R. 2167, 2015 Leg., 83rd Sess. (Tex. 2015); H.D. 2125, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); H.D. 2077, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); Sen. 1301, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); H.R 2016, 2015 Leg., 64th Sess. (Wash. 2015).

Person applicability , see H.R. 1770, 2015 Leg., 90th Sess. (Ark. 2015); Sen. 15-059, 2015 Leg., (Colo. 2015); Sen. 263, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); Sen. 271, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); H.R. 44, 2015 Leg., 152nd Sess. (Ga. 2015); Sen. 1329, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 609, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 637, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.D. 2125, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); H.D. 2077, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); Sen. 1301, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); H.R 2016, 2015 Leg., 64th Sess. (Wash. 2015).

LEA applicability , see Assem. 56, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); Sen. 262, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); H.R. 44, 2015 Leg., 152nd Sess. (Ga. 2015); Sen. 579, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 25, 2015 Leg., 127th Sess. (Me. 2015); H.R. 1322, 2015 Leg., 189th Sess. (Mass. 2015); Sen. 1835, 2015 Leg., 189th Sess. (Mass. 2015); Sen. 1299, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 1792, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 986, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 1491, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 931, 2015 Leg., 98th Sess. (Mo. 2015); Sen. 222, 2015 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2015); H.R. 240, 2015 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2015); H.R. 240, 2015 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2015); Sen. 303, 2015 Leg., 52nd Sess. (N.M. 2015); Assem. 1247, 2015 Leg., 201st Sess. (N.Y. 2015); Sen. 503, 2015 Leg., 54th Sess. (Okla. 2015); H.R. 2354, 2015 Leg., 78th Sess. (Org. 2015); Sen. 179, 2015 Leg., (R.I. 2015); H.R. 3415, 2015 Leg., (S.C. 2015); Sen. 498, 2015 Leg., (S.C. 2015); H.R 1481, 2015 Leg., 83rd Sess. (Tex. 2015); H.R. 296, 2015 Leg., 60th Sess. (Utah 2015); Sen. 1301, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); H.D. 2125, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); H.D. 2653, 2015 Leg., 82nd Sess. (W. Va. 2015); Assem. 90, 2015 Leg., 101st Sess. (Wis. 2015); H.R. 18, 2014 Leg., 61st Sess. (Wyo. 2014).

Appendix D: State Legislation Exception Provisions

The warrant exception can be found in Ala. SB 317, Sec. 1(b)(1); Alaska HB 159a, amending Sec. 4. AS 1865, Article 13, Sec. 18.65.900(a); Ariz. HB 2574, amending Sec. 1, Title 13, Ch. 30 ARS, 13-3007, Sec. A; Ariz. HB1904, amending AR Code Title 12, as 12-19-104(a); Cal. SB 15, Title 14, Sec. 14352(a) and Cal. Assembly Bill 1327, Sec. 1, Title 14, 14350(a); Fla. SB 92, Sec. 1(3); Ga. SB 200, Sec. 5(b) and Ga. HB 560, Sec. 2(b)–(c); Haw. SB, 2563B-2(b); Idaho SB 1134, Sec. 1.,21-213(2)(a); Ill. SB 1587, Sec. 10; Ind. SB 20, amending Ind. Code, Ch. 10, Sec 4(a); Iowa HF 410, Sec1.1. and Iowa HF 427, Sec.1.2.; Kan. HB 2394 Sec. 1(a); Ky. HB 454, Sec. 1 of KRS Ch. 500(2) and Ky. 14 R.S. B.R. 1, Sec.1(3); Me. SP 72, amends Sec. 1, 25 MRSA Pt. 12, sec. 4502.2.; Md. HB 1233, 1-203-1(B)(1); Mass. SB 1664, Sec. 1, amending Ch. 272 of General Laws as 99C(c) and Mass. HB 1357; Mich. HB 4455, Sec. 3(3); Minn. HF 1620/1706, Sec. 3, Subd.2 and SF 1506, Sec. 1, Sub 2. and Minn. HF 990, Sec. 3, Subd. 2; Mo. HB 46, Sec. 305.637.2.; Mont. SB 196, Sec. 1(1); Neb. LB 412, Sec. (3); N.J. Assembly No. 3157, Sec.2.b. and N.J. AB 3929, 1.b.; N.M. SB 556, Sec. 3.A.–B.; N.Y. AO 6370/SO 4537, Sec. 1, S 52-A.1, N.Y. AO 6244, Sec. 1. S 700.16, para. 1, N.Y. SB 4839, Sec. 66-A(3)(C)(1), and N.Y. AO 6541, Sec 66-A.2; N.C. HB 312, Sec. 15A-232. (b) and N.C. SB 402, Sec. 7.16(e); N.D. HB 1373, Sec. 2.1.; Ohio HB 207, Sec. 4561.50(A); Ohio SB 189, Sec. 4561.53; Okla. HB 1556, Sec. 3.A.; Or. HB 2710, Sec. 3.(1) and Or. SB 524, Sec.1(2), Or. SB 71, Or. SB 853 Sec. 2(1); Pa. HB 961, amending Ch. 57 of Title 18 of PA Cons. Stat., Subch. E.1., sec. 5776. (a); R.I. Gen. Assembly Jan. 2013, amending title 12 of General Laws, Ch. 5.3, 12-5.3.-2. and R.I. LC00564, Sec. 1, Sec. 12-5.3-2(a); S.C. H 3415, amending Ch. 13, Title 17 of 1976 Code as 17-13-180. (b) and S.C. GA Bill 395, Sec. 1., Ch. 39, Sec. 6-39-30(A); Tenn. HB 591, Sec. 1(c) and Tenn. SB 470, Sec. 1(c); Tex. HB 912, Ch. 423, Sec. 423.003(a); Vt. HB 540/SB 16, amending Sec. 1 20 V.S.A. Ch. 205 as, sec. 4622(a); Wash. HB 1771, Sec. 3., and Wash. SB 5782, Sec. 3; W. Va. HB 2732 and W. Va. HB 2948, Art. 7, sec. 1-7-3., and W. Va. HB 2997, Art. 7, Sec. 1-7-2(a); Wis. SB 196/AB 203, Sec. 2, 175.55(2); Wyo. HB 0242, 7-3-1003. Two states specifically allow UAS use if not for an intelligence or law enforcement purpose: Mich. HB 4455 Sec. 5, para. (e) and N.C. HB 312, Sec. 2(b). Three others, Iowa, Pa., and Va., prohibit UAS use, with limited exceptions, prior to July 1, 2015. See Iowa SF 276, 80C.1., Pa. SB 875, Sec.3 and Va. HB 2012, 1. Sec. 1. One refreshing outlier, New Hampshire, specifically provided that legislation would “not… impair or limit otherwise lawful activities of law enforcement personnel…” N.H. HB 619, Sec. 2. For warrant exception, see generally, Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967). 2015: H.R. 1770, 2015 Leg., 90th Sess. (Ark. 2015); Sen. 15-059, 2015 Leg., (Colo. 2015); Assem. 56, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); Sen. 262, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); H.R. 44, 2015 Leg., 152nd Sess. (Ga. 2015); Sen. 579, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); Sen. 1329, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 2397, 2015 Leg., (Kan. 2015); H.R. 25, 2015 Leg., 127th Sess. (Me. 2015); H.R. 1322, 2015 Leg., 189th Sess. (Mass. 2015); Sen. 1835, 2015 Leg., 189th Sess. (Mass. 2015); Del. 620, 2015 Leg., 428th Sess. (Md. 2015); Sen. 1299, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 986, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 1491, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 1194, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 686, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 685, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 931, 2015 Leg., 98th Sess. (Mo. 2015); H.R. 210, 2015 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2015); H.R. 240, 2015 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2015); Assem. 90, 2015 Leg., 101st Sess. (Wis. 2015); H.R. 18, 2014 Leg., 61st Sess. (Wyo. 2014).

Exigent circumstances, including imminent danger to life, are a judicially recognized exception to the warrant requirement, Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 474–75 (1920) (“it is accepted, at least as a matter of principle, that a search or seizure carried out on a suspect’s premises without a warrant is per se unreasonable, unless the police can show that it falls within one of a carefully defined set of exceptions based on the presence of ‘exigent circumstances’”); Warden, Maryland Penitentiary v. Hayden, 387 U.S. 294, 298–99 (1967) (“The Fourth Amendment does not require police officers to delay in the course of an investigation if to do so would gravely endanger their lives or the lives of others”); for “danger to life” exceptions, see Ala. SB 317, Sec. 1(b)(2)(c); Ariz. HB1904, amending Ariz. Code Title 12, as 12-19-104(a)(2)(A)(i)(a)(1); Cal. Assembly Bill 1327, Sec. 1, Title 14, 14350(c)(1) and Cal. Senate Bill No. 15, Sec. 5 amending 14352 of Penal code, para. (b); Fla. SB 92, Sec. 1(4)(c); Ga. SB 200, Sec. 5(e)(1); Haw. SB, 2563B-4(1)(A); Ind. SB 1134, Sec. 1.21-213(2)(a); Ill. SB 1587, Sec. 15(3); Iowa SF 276, Iowa HF 410, Sec 2.c. and Iowa HF 427, Sec. 3.c.; Ky. HB 454, Sec. 1 of KRS Ch. 500(3)(c); Me. SP 72, amends Sec. 1, 25 MRSA Pt. 12, sec. 4503.1(A)(3); Md. HB 1233, 1-203-1(B)(2)(II); Mass. SB 1664 and Mass. HB 1357Sec. 1, amending Ch. 272 of General Laws as 99C(c)(3); Mich. HB 4455, Sec. 5(b); Minn. HF 1620/1706, Sec. 4, Subd.3(3), Minn. SF 1506, Sec. 1, Sub 3., and Minn. HF 990, Sec. 1, Subd. 4(5); Mo. HB 46, Sec. 305.639.1.; N.J. AB 3157, para. 1.d.; Minn. SB 556, Sec. 4.; N.Y. AO 6370/ SO 4537, Sec. 1, S 52-A.1., N.Y. SO 4839, Sec. 66-A(3)(B) and N.Y. AO 6541, Sec. 66-A.3.(B)); N.C. HB 312, Sec. 15A-232. (c)(3)(i); N.D. HB 1373, Sec. 3.2.; Ohio HB 207, Sec. 4561.50(A)(3); Okla. HB 1556, Sec. 3.B.3.; Ohio HB 364, Sec.4561.54(A)(2); Ohio SB 189, Sec. 4561.54(2); Or. HB 2710, Sec. 1.(2)(b), Or. SB 524, Sec.1(2)(b) and Or. SB 853, Sec. 6(1); Pa. SB 875, Sec. 4; R.I. Gen. Assembly Jan. 2013, amending title 12 of General Laws, Ch. 5.3, 12-5.3.-2. (f)(1); S.C. HB 3415, amending Ch. 13, Title 17 of 1976 Code as 17-13-180.(B)(3); Tenn. HB 591 and Tenn. SB 796, Sec. 1(d)(3); Tex. HB 912, Ch. 423, Sec. 423.002(a)(12); Vt. HB 540/SB 16, amending Sec. 1 20 V.S.A. Ch. 205 as, sec. 4622(b)(2) and Wash. HB 1771, Sec. 9.(1)(a) and Wash. SB 5782, Sec. 8(1); W. Va. HB 2997, Sec. 1-7-3(a) and Wis. SB 196/AB 203, Sec. 2, 175.55(2); N.H. HB 619 does not contain an explicit “danger to life” exception, but its bill was written so as not to be “construed to impair or limit any otherwise lawful activities of law enforcement personnel”; see Sec. 2.V. Even though the following do not contain an explicit “danger to life” exceptions, other provisions would fairly embrace it: Ark. SB 1109 (permits law enforcement to use UASs for any purpose) and N.Y. AO 6244 (permits lawful exceptions to the warrant requirement). Only 14 bills do not include such language: Alaska HB 159a; Ariz. HB 2574; Ga. HB 560, Ind. SB 20; Kan. HB 2394; Mont. SB 196; Neb. LB 412; N.J. AB 3157; Or. SB 71, Pa. HB 961, R.I. LC00564, SC Ga. Bill 395, W. Va. HB 2732 and W. Va. HB 2948; Assem. 56, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); Sen. 15-059, 2015 Leg., (Colo. 2015);Sen. 1178, 2015 Leg., (Fla. 2015); H.R. 44, 2015 Leg., 152nd Sess. (Ga. 2015); Sen. 1329, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 2397, 2015 Leg., (Kan. 2015); H.R. 25, 2015 Leg., 127th Sess. (Me. 2015); H.R. 1322, 2015 Leg., 189th Sess. (Mass. 2015); Sen. 1835, 2015 Leg., 189th Sess. (Mass. 2015); H.R. 1197, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 1194, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 986, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 1491, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 1792, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 686, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 1299, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 685, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 931, 2015 Leg., 98th Sess. (Mo. 2015); H.R. 278, 2014 Leg., 64th Sess. (Mont. 2014); Sen. 602, 2015 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2015); H.R. 210, 2015 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2015); H.R. 240, 2015 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2015); Sen. 303, 2015 Leg., 52nd Sess. (N.M. 2015); Assem. 1247, 2015 Leg., 201st Sess. (N.Y. 2015); H.R. 1328, 2015 Leg., 64th Sess. (N.D. 2015); Sen. 503, 2015 Leg., 54th Sess. (Okla. 2015); H.R. 2354, 2015 Leg., 78th Sess. (Org. 2015); Sen. 393, 2015 Leg., 78th Sess. (Org. 2015); H.R. 409, 2015 Leg., (Pa. 2015); H.R. 3415, 2015 Leg., (S.C. 2015); Sen. 498, 2015 Leg., (S.C. 2015); H.R. 2167, 2015 Leg., 83rd Sess. (Tex. 2015); H.R. 296, 2015 Leg., 60th Sess. (Utah 2015); H.D. 2125, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); H.D. 2077, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); Sen. 1301, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); Sen. 751, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); H.R 2016, 2015 Leg., 64th Sess. (Wash. 2015); H.D. 2653, 2015 Leg., 82nd Sess. (W. Va. 2015); Assem. 90, 2015 Leg., 101st Sess. (Wis. 2015); H.R. 18, 2014 Leg., 61st Sess. (Wyo. 2014).

Bills with consent provisions include Alaska HB 159a, amending Sec. 2(b)(4); Ariz. HB 2574, amending Sec. 1, Title 13, Ch. 30 ARS, 13-3007, Sec. D.2.; Ariz. HB1904, amending Ariz. Code Title 12, as 12-19-104(a)(1); Haw. SB, 263B-2(c)(1); Idaho SB 1134, Sec. 1.,21-213(2)(a)(i)-(ii); Ill. SB 1586, Sec. 15(5); Ind. SB 20, Sec. 4(a); Me. SP 72, amends Sec. 1, 25 MRSA Pt. 12, sec. 4502.2. (B); Mass. SB 1664, Sec. 1(e); Mich. HB 4455, Sec. 5(a); Mich. HF 1620/1706, Sec. 2, Sub 2.; Mo. HB 46, Sec. 305.637.2.; N.M. SB 556, Sec. 3.A.; N.D. HB 1373, Sec. 4.2.; N.Y. SB 4839, Sec. 66-A(3)(A); Ohio HB 364, Sec.4561.54(A)(1); Ohio SB 189, Sec. 4561.54(1); Okla. HB 1556, Sec. 3.B.5; Or. HB 2710, Sec. 4 and SB 853, Sec. 5; and Tex. HB 912, Ch. 423, Sec. 423.002(6). Consent would presumably be implied for state bills containing a proviso allowing UAS use in accordance with judicially recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement. Mass. and N.Y. bills contain provisions that only permit dissemination or receipt of information with the individual’s consent. Mass. SB 1664/BH 1357, Sec. 99-C(e) and N.Y. AO 6541, Sec. 66-A.3(A); H.R. 1770, 2015 Leg., 90th Sess. (Ark. 2015); H.R. 1349, 2015 Leg., 90th Sess. (Ark. 2015); Assem. 56, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); Sen. 262, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); Sen. 1329, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 609, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 2397, 2015 Leg., (Kan. 2015); H.R. 25, 2015 Leg., 127th Sess. (Me. 2015); H.R. 1322, 2015 Leg., 189th Sess. (Mass. 2015);Sen. 1835, 2015 Leg., 189th Sess. (Mass. 2015); Del. 620, 2015 Leg., 428th Sess. (Md. 2015); Sen. 602, 2015 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2015); Sen. 303, 2015 Leg., 52nd Sess. (N.M. 2015); H.R. 1328, 2015 Leg., 64th Sess. (N.D. 2015); H.R. 2354, 2015 Leg., 78th Sess. (Org. 2015); H.R. 2167, 2015 Leg., 83rd Sess. (Tex. 2015); H.D. 2125, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); Sen. 1301, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); H.R. 1093, 2015 Leg., 64th Sess. (Wash. 2015).

All bills that contain a “terrorist attack” exception use similar language, “To counter a high risk of a terrorist attack by a specific individual or organization if the United States Secretary of Homeland Security…determines that credible intelligence indicates that there is such a risk.” See Ala. SB 317, Sec. 1(b)(2)(a); Fla. SB 92, Sec. 1(4)(a); Iowa HF 427, Sec. 1.3. (a); Ill. SB 1587, Sec. 15(1); Kan. HB 2394, Sec. 1(c); Ky. HB 454, Sec. 1 of KRS Ch. 500, Sec. 1.(1)(3)(a); Md. HB 1233, 1-203-1(B)(2)(I); Minn. SF 1506, Sec. 1, Sub 3. (1), and Minn. HF 990, Sec. 3, Subd.4(4); Neb. LB 412, Sec. (4); N.J. AB 3929, para. 1.c.; N.Y. AO 6370/SO 4537, Sec. 1, S 52-A..3.A.(4); Ohio HB 207, Sec. 4561.50(A)(1); S.C. HB 3415, amending Ch. 13, Title 17 of 1976 Code as 17-13-180.(B)(1); Tenn. HB 591, Sec. 1(d)(1); W. Va. HB 2732, Art. 7, sec. 1-7-4, W. Va. HB 2948, Sec. 1-7-4; and Wyo. HB 0242, 7-3-1004(a)(ii). Me. SP 72, Sec. 4503.1.A.(1)–(2) contains an emergency enforcement exception for threats to national, state or local security. Kan. HB 2394, Sec. 1(c) and W. Va. HB 2732, Sec. 1-7-4 require a warrant to use a UAS in terrorist attack scenarios; Sen. 15-059, 2015 Leg., (Colo. 2015); Sen. 579, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); Sen. 1329, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 2397, 2015 Leg., (Kan. 2015); Sen. 1792, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 686, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 1299, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 1194, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 986, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 685, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 210, 2015 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2015); Assem. 1247, 2015 Leg., 201st Sess. (N.Y. 2015); H.R. 3415, 2015 Leg., (S.C. 2015); Sen. 498, 2015 Leg., (S.C. 2015); H.R 2016, 2015 Leg., 64th Sess. (Wash. 2015).

Danger to property provisions include Cal. AB 1327 Sec. 14350, para. (d)(2); Fla. SB 92 Sec. 1, para. (4)(c); Ga. SB 200 Sec. 5(e)(2); Ill. SB 1587, Sec. 15, para. (3); Iowa SB 276 Sec. 11, para. (b), Iowa HF 410, Sec.1.2.c., and Iowa HF 427, Sec.1.2.c.; Ky. HB 454 Sec. 1, para. 3(c); Md. HB 1233 Sec. 1-203, para. (B)(II); Minn. HF 1620 Sec. 3, Sub, 4, para. (3) and Minn. HF 990, Sec. 3, Subd.4(5); N.C. HB 312 Sec. 2(c)(3); N.D. HB 1373 Sec. 3.3.; Ohio HB 207, Sec. 4561.50(A)(3); S.C. H3415 Sec. 2, para. (B)(3); Or. HB 853, Sec.8(1); Pa. SB 875, Sec. 4; and Tex. HB 912 Sec. 423.002; Sen. 1329, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 2397, 2015 Leg., (Kan. 2015); Sen. 1792, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 986, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 602, 2015 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2015); H.R. 210, 2015 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2015); H.R. 3415, 2015 Leg., (S.C. 2015); Sen. 498, 2015 Leg., (S.C. 2015); H.R. 2167, 2015 Leg., 83rd Sess. (Tex. 2015); H.R 2016, 2015 Leg., 64th Sess. (Wash. 2015); H.D. 2653, 2015 Leg., 82nd Sess. (W. Va. 2015); H.R. 18, 2014 Leg., 61st Sess. (Wyo. 2014).

“Fleeing felon” language is included in the following bills: Ala. SB 317 Sec. 1, para. (a)2(c); Cal. AB 1327, Sec. 1, Title 14, Sec. 14350(c) and Cal. HB No. 15, amending penal code Sec. 14352(b); Fla. SB 92 Sec. 1, para. (4)(c); Ill. SB 1587 Sec. 15 (3); Ky. HB 454 Sec.1, para. 3(c); Iowa HF 427, Sec. 1.3.c.; M.N. HB 1620 Sec. 1, Sub. 3 and M.N. HF 990, Sec. 3, Subd.4(5)(iii); N.C. HB 312 Sec. 2, para. (c)(3)(iii); Ohio HB 207, Sec. 4561.50(A)(3); S.C. H 3415 Sec. 2, para. (B)(3); Tenn. SB 796, Sec. 1(d)(4); Tex. HB 912, Ch. 423, Sec. 423.002(8)(A); Wis. SB 196/AB 203, Sec. 2, 175.55(2); Wyo. HB 242 Sec. 1, para. 7-3-1004(a)(iv). Depending on interpretation, the following additional state bills may apply to fleeing suspects: Cal. AB 1327 Sec. 14350, para. (c); Ind. SB 1134 Sec. 1, para. 21-213(2); Md. HB 1233 Sec. 1-203.1(B)(2)(II); and N.D. HB 1373 Sec. 3, para. 3. States that include the “destruction of evidence” exception for UASs all use the same language, “to forestall (or prevent)… the destruction of evidence.” See Fla. SB 92, Sec. 1(3)(c); Ill. SB 1587, Sec. 15(3); Iowa HF 427, Sec. 1.3.c.; Ky. HB 454, Sec. 1(3)(c); Minn. HF 1620/1706 Sec. 3, Sub. 4(3) and Minn. HF 990, Sec. 3, Subd.4(5)(iv); N.D. HB 1373, Sec. 2. (c)(3)(iv); Ohio HB 207, Sec. 4561.50(A)(3); S.C. H 3415, Sec. 2.(B)(3) and Wis. SB 196/AB 203, Sec. 2, 175.55(2). See Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1 (1985) (law enforcement may us nonlethal force to deter a fleeing felon); Roaden v. Kentucky, 413 U.S. 496, 505 (1973) (“Where there are exigent circumstances in which police action literally must be ‘now or never’ to preserve the evidence of the crime, it is reasonable to permit action without prior judicial evaluation”); H.R. 1770, 2015 Leg., 90th Sess. (Ark. 2015); Sen. 15-059, 2015 Leg., (Colo. 2015); Assem. 56, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); H.R. 44, 2015 Leg., 152nd Sess. (Ga. 2015); Sen. 1329, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 2397, 2015 Leg., (Kan. 2015); H.R. 25, 2015 Leg., 127th Sess. (Me. 2015); Sen. 1792, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 986, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 931, 2015 Leg., 98th Sess. (Mo. 2015); H.R. 210, 2015 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2015); Sen. 503, 2015 Leg., 54th Sess. (Okla. 2015); H.R. 3415, 2015 Leg., (S.C. 2015); Sen. 498, 2015 Leg., (S.C. 2015); H.R. 2167, 2015 Leg., 83rd Sess. (Tex. 2015); H.D. 2077, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); H.R 2016, 2015 Leg., 64th Sess. (Wash. 2015); Assem. 90, 2015 Leg., 101st Sess. (Wis. 2015).

Disaster response clauses can be found at Cal. Assembly Bill 1327, Sec. 14350(c)(1) and (e)(1)–(2); Ga. SB 200 Sec. 5, para. (e)(2); Iowa SF 276, Me. SP 72, Sec. 4503.2.(A), (B), (D); Minn. HF 1620 Sec. 3, Sub. 4 para. (4) and Minn. HF 440, Sec. 3, Subd.4(6); N.D. HB 1373 Sec. 3, para. 3; N.J. Assembly No. 3157, para. 4 and N.J. AB 3929, Sec.1.d.; Okla. HB 1556, Sec.3.B.4.; Or. HB 2710, Sec. 5(3) and Or. SB 853, Sec. 8(1); Tex. HB 912, Sec. 423.001(c)(3); Pa. SB 85, Sec. 5(3) and Va. HB 2012, 1. Sec. 1; and W. Va. HB 2997, Sec 1-7-3(b).

For SAR clauses, see Cal. AB 1327 Sec. 14350, para. (c)(1); Fla. SB 92 Sec. 1, para. (4)(c); Ind. SB 1134, Sec. 21-213, para. (2); Ill. SB 1587, Sec. 15(4); Iowa SB 276 Sec. 12 and Iowa HF 410, Sec. 2.c.; Me. SP 72, Sec. 4503.2.E.; Okla. HB 1556 Sec. 3.3; Or. HB 2710, Sec. 5(1); Pa. SB 875, Sec.4; Tenn. SB 796, Sec.1(d)(5); Tex. HB 912 Sec. 423.002(8)(D); Va. H 2012 Sec. 1, para. (iv), and Wis. SB 196/AB 203, Sec.2(2). Of these, some require an imminent danger to life before a UAS can be used for SAR: Cal. AB 1327 Sec. 14350, para. (c)(1); Iowa HF 410, Sec 2.c.; Okla. HB 1556, Sec. 3.B.3.; Pa. SB 875, Sec. 4; Va. H 2012 Sec. 1, para. (iv).

Higher education, training, research, or recreation. See Me. SP 72, House Amendment L.D. 236, Sec. 4503.3.; Minn. HF 990, Sec. 3, Subd. 2; Mo. HB 46 Sec. 305.639(2); N.Y. SB 4839, Sec. 66-A(3)(B); N.Y. AO 6541, Sec 66-A.3.(D); N.D. HB 1373 Sec. 3, para. 4.; Or. HB 2710, Sec. 1.(7)(a)–(d) and Tex. HB 912, Ch. 423, Sec. 423.002(a)(1). N.Y. SB 4537 Sec. 1.B, Idaho SB 11334 Sec. 1, 21-214(1)(b)(i) and Or. HF 2710, Sec. 1(1) exclude recreational use of model airplanes. As mentioned previously, most of the bills that address the US military permit training with UASs. See Section A, Applicability discussion above.

Public land exception bills include Alaska HB 159 Sec. 2, para. (b)(3); Ariz. HB 2574 Sec. 1, para. D(2); Cal. AB 1327, Sec. 1, Title 14, Sec. 14550(c)(2); Ill. SB 1587 Sec. 15, para. (5); Mich. HB 4455 Sec. 9(1), Mont. SB 196 Sec. 2, para. (2)(B); Okla. HB 1556 Sec. 3(B)(6); and Tex. HB 912, Ch. 423, Sec. 423.002(a)(15)–(16). Oklahoma allows UASs to transit public land (over flight) including for military aircraft carrying weapons. Okla. HB 1556, Sec. 4.A.This land-centric exception is analogous to the plain view doctrine. See California v. Ciraolo, 476 U.S. 207, 213 (1986); Florida v. Riley, 488 U.S. 445, 448 (1989).

National security and organized crime conspiracies, see Ariz. HB 1904 Sec. 12-19-104, para. (a)(2)(i)(a); Haw. SB 783 Sec. 1, para. 263B-4(1); Me. SP 72 Sec. 4504, para. 1(A); and Mich. HB 4455 Sec. 9, para. (1)(a); Ohio HB 364, Sec.4561.54(A)(3)(a); Ohio SB 189, Sec. 4561.54(3); H.R. 25, 2015 Leg., 127th Sess. (Me. 2015).

Crime scene investigations, see Cal. AB 1327, Sec. 1, Title 14, Sec. 14550(c)(2); Ill. SB 1587, Sec. 15(5); Or. HB 2710, Sec. 6(1) and Or. SB 853, Sec.7(1) and Tex. HB 912, Sec. 423.002(8)(B)–(C).

Aerial inspections clauses can be found at Cal. AB 1327 Sec. 14350(e)(1); Ind. SB 1134 Sec. 1(4) and Sec. 1.21-213(1)(b)(ii); Me. SP 42, Sec. 4503.2.C.; N.Y. AO 6541, Sec 66-A.3.(D); Tex. HB 912, Ch. 423, Sec. 423.002(a). See also Notes 47 and 49, supra, for UAS use provisions allowing for assessment of damage to land as part of natural disasters and for criminal or administrative investigations.

Amber or similar alerts are in Iowa SF 276 and Iowa HF 410, Sec. 2.b.; Pa. SB 875, Sec.4; and Va. HB 2012, Sec. 1, para. 1. Even where such specialized carve outs for imminent terrorist attacks, SAR, Amber or similar alerts, and/or response to natural disasters do not exist, a plausible argument can be made that such situations would qualify under a state’s more general provisions permitting UAS use to alleviate danger to life.

Hostage situations: Haw. HB 1775, Sec. 5(b)(3); Kan. SB 409, Sec. 5(d)(4); Mo. HB 1204, Sec. A, 305.637, 2.

Explosive ordinance disposal provisions were included in Haw. HB 1775, Sec. 7(2); Kan. SB 409, Sec 10.

Monitor plants and animals UAS use in Haw. HB 1775, Sec. 7(3); Mo. HB 1204, Sec. A, 305.637, 2; N.Y. AO 6541, Sec. 66-A(3)(D); N.C. HB 1099, § 15A-300.1(d).

Fire suppression: La. SB 330, Sec. 1 Sec. 1.E.(10).

Monitor utility locations contained in La. SB 330, Sec. 1 Sec. 1.E.(4); La. SB 330, Sec. 1 Sec. 1.E.(14)–(15).

Port authority may use in LA SB 330, Sec. 1 Sec. 1.E.(16).

Atmospheric testing/monitoring exception in Haw. HB 1775, Sec. 7(4); La. SB 330, Sec. 1 Sec. 1.E.(8)(c); Mo. HB 1204, Sec. A, 305.639, 1(9); N.Y. SB 7639, Sec. 3(J); N.Y. AO 6541, Sec. 66-A(3)(D); Tenn. HB 1779, Sec. 3(a)(8)(C); and Tenn. HB 1892Sec. 3(a)(8)(C).]

Plain view exception found in Kan. SB 409, Sec. 5(b); La. SB 330, Sec. 1.E.(7)(f); Sec. 12–13; N.C. SB 744, Sec.34.30(c)(2); N.C. HB 1099, § 15A-300.1(c)(2).

Catch-all provisions: Alaska HB 255, Sec. 2(b)(2) and Alaska SB 136, Sec 2(b)(1)(B); Iowa HF 2289, Sec. 2; Iowa SB 3145, Sec. 1.4.d. and Kan. HB 2683, Sec. 4(d)(3); Ky. 14 R.S. B.R. 1328, Sec. 5(b); Md. SB 926, Sec. 1(D)(3); Minn. HF 2553, Sec. 1, Subd. 3(e); R.I. HB 7170 12-5.3-2(g).

Farming and agricultural use mentioned in La. SB 330, Sec. 1 Sec. 1.E.(18); N.Y. SB 7639, Sec. 3(K)–(L); N.C. HB 1099, § 15A-300.1(d); Tenn. HB 1669, Sec. 1(A); Tenn. SB 1752, Sec. 1(A); Tenn. HB 1779, Sec. 3(a)(5)(C); Tenn. HB 1892, Sec. 3(a)(5)(C).

Landowner of private property: Kan. SB 409, Sec. 3(a)(2)(B) and (D); La. SB 356, Sec. 1.C.(1).

UAS manufacture: La. SB 330, Sec. 1.K; Mo. HB 1204, Sec. A, 305.639, 1(3).

Newspaper and media exempted: La. SB 330, Sec. 1 Sec. 1.E.(17); Mo. HB 1204, Sec. A, 305.639, 1(5); N.Y. SB 7639, Sec. 3(G); N.C. SB 744, Sec.34.30. (a) § 15A-300.1(b)(2); N.C. HB 1099, § 15A-300.1(b)(2).

Real Estate use allowed in Mo. HB 1204, Sec. A, 305.639, 1(6); Tenn. HB 1779, Sec. 3(a)(12); Tenn. HB 1892, Sec. 2(a)(12).

FAA-related exemptions: Alaska HB 255, Sec. 1 and Alaska SB 136, Sec. 1; Haw. HB 1691, Sec. 2(b)(7); Haw. HB 2627, Secs. 1–2; Haw. SB 3053; La. SB 330, Sec. 1.E.(1) and Sec. 1 Sec. 1.F(1); Mich. HCR 16, Mich. HR 280, Mich. SR 107, Mich. HCR 17, Mich. HR 279; Nev. SCR 7; N.Y. SB 7639, Sec. 3(B)(I); Ohio HCR 45; Tenn. HB 1779, Sec. 3(a)(2); Tenn. HB 1892, Sec. 3(a)(2); Tex. HR 866.

Business purposes: Ky. 14 R.S. B.R. 1328, Sec. 3.

Disaster response provisions, see Assem. 56, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); Sen. 1178, 2015 Leg., (Fla. 2015); Sen. 579, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 25, 2015 Leg., 127th Sess. (Me. 2015); Sen. 1792, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 686, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 1299, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 685, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 1194, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 986, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 1328, 2015 Leg., 64th Sess. (N.D. 2015); H.R. 2354, 2015 Leg., 78th Sess. (Org. 2015); H.R. 2167, 2015 Leg., 83rd Sess. (Tex. 2015); H.R 2016, 2015 Leg., 64th Sess. (Wash. 2015); H.D. 2653, 2015 Leg., 82nd Sess. (W. Va. 2015); H.R. 18, 2014 Leg., 61st Sess. (Wyo. 2014).

Destruction of evidence provisions, see Sen. 15-059, 2015 Leg., (Colo. 2015); Sen. 1329, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 25, 2015 Leg., 127th Sess. (Me. 2015); Sen. 1792, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 986, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 210, 2015 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2015); Sen. 503, 2015 Leg., 54th Sess. (Okla. 2015); H.R. 3415, 2015 Leg., (S.C. 2015); Sen. 498, 2015 Leg., (S.C. 2015); H.D. 2077, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); H.R 2016, 2015 Leg., 64th Sess. (Wash. 2015); Assem. 90, 2015 Leg., 101st Sess. (Wis. 2015).

“Amber” or similar missing person alert provisions, see H.D. 2125, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); H.D. 2077, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); Sen. 1301, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015).

Operations on or over public lands, see H.R. 2397, 2015 Leg., (Kan. 2015).

Crime scene investigation provisions, see H.R. 44, 2015 Leg., 152nd Sess. (Ga. 2015); H.R. 2354, 2015 Leg., 78th Sess. (Org. 2015); H.R. 2167, 2015 Leg., 83rd Sess. (Tex. 2015); H.R. 18, 2014 Leg., 61st Sess. (Wyo. 2014).

Collection of Evidence only, See H.R. 1770, 2015 Leg., 90th Sess. (Ark. 2015); H.R. 1349, 2015 Leg., 90th Sess. (Ark. 2015); Sen. 579, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); Sen. 1329, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 609, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 637, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); Sen. 67, 2015 Leg., (Iowa 2015); Sen. 56, 2015 Leg., (Ky. 2015); H.R. 25, 2015 Leg., 127th Sess. (Me. 2015); H.R. 1322, 2015 Leg., 189th Sess. (Mass. 2015); Sen. 1835, 2015 Leg., 189th Sess. (Mass. 2015); Del. 620, 2015 Leg., 428th Sess. (Md. 2015); Sen. 1792, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 686, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 1194, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 986, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 685, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 931, 2015 Leg., 98th Sess. (Mo. 2015); H.R. 210, 2015 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2015); Sen. 303, 2015 Leg., 52nd Sess. (N.M. 2015); Assem. 1247, 2015 Leg., 201st Sess. (N.Y. 2015); Sen. 503, 2015 Leg., 54th Sess. (Okla. 2015); H.R. 2354, 2015 Leg., 78th Sess. (Org. 2015); Sen. 179, 2015 Leg., (R.I. 2015); H.R. 3415, 2015 Leg., (S.C. 2015); Sen. 498, 2015 Leg., (S.C. 2015); H.R. 296, 2015 Leg., 60th Sess. (Utah 2015); H.D. 2125, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); Sen. 1301, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); H.D. 2653, 2015 Leg., 82nd Sess. (W. Va. 2015).

Judicially recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement, see Sen. 1329, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015).

Aerial inspections, including mapping or resource management provisions, see H.R. 25, 2015 Leg., 127th Sess. (Me. 2015).

Search and rescue (SAR) operations, see H.R. 1770, 2015 Leg., 90th Sess. (Ark. 2015); Assem. 56, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); Sen. 1178, 2015 Leg., (Fla. 2015); Sen. 579, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); Sen. 1329, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 2397, 2015 Leg., (Kan. 2015); H.R. 25, 2015 Leg., 127th Sess. (Me. 2015); Del. 620, 2015 Leg., 428th Sess. (Md. 2015); H.R. 210, 2015 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2015); Sen. 503, 2015 Leg., 54th Sess. (Okla. 2015); H.R. 2354, 2015 Leg., 78th Sess. (Org. 2015); H.R. 2167, 2015 Leg., 83rd Sess. (Tex. 2015); H.R. 296, 2015 Leg., 60th Sess. (Utah 2015); H.R 2016, 2015 Leg., 64th Sess. (Wash. 2015); Assem. 90, 2015 Leg., 101st Sess. (Wis. 2015); H.R. 18, 2014 Leg., 61st Sess. (Wyo. 2014).

Protective zones surrounding critical infrastructure: Sen. 2073, 2016 Leg., 51st Sess. (Ariz. 2016); Sen. 281, 2016 Leg., (Ky. 2016); H.R. 445, 2016 Leg., (Ky. 2016); Sen. 2599, 2016 Leg., 54th Sess. (Okla. 2016); H.R. 1811, 2016 Leg., 109th Sess. (Tenn. 2016); Sen. 2106, 2016 Leg., 109th Sess. (Tenn. 2016); H.R. 638, 2016 Leg., 83rd Sess. (Tex. 2016); Sen. 395, 2016 Leg., 83rd Sess. (Tex. 2016); H.R. 2774, 2016 Leg., 64th Sess. (Wash. 2016).

Appendix E: State Legislation Operational Constraint Provisions

Biometrics is addressed in Ark. HB1904, amending Ark. Code Title 12, as 12-19-104(b)(3); Haw. SB, 2563B-2(d); Me. SP 72, Sec. 4502.3; Mass. SB 1664, Sec. 1, amending Ch. 272 of General Laws as 99C(d)(2); Mich. HB 4455 Sec. 5(e); N.C. HB 312, Sec. 15A-232. (d); N.Y. SB 4839, Sec. 66-A(4)(A); N.Y. AO 6541, Sec. 66-A.4; Or. SB 853, Sec. 4.1; R.I. Gen. Assembly Jan. 2013, amending title 12 of General Laws, Ch. 5.3, 12-5.3.-2. (h); Vt. HB 540/SB 16, amending Sec. 1 20 V.S.A. Ch. 205 as, sec. 4622(c)(3) and Wash. HB 1771, Sec. 6(3).

Notice to subject clauses are found in Cal. Senate Bill No. 15, Sec. 5 amending Penal Code 14353(b); Cal. AO 1327, Sec. 14350(e)(3); Ill. SB 1587, Sec. 25; Mass. HB 1357, Sec. 99C(e); W. Va. HB 2997, Sec. 1–7-6(c). For notice to subject provisions see Haw. SB, 2563B-5; Me. SP 72, amends Sec. 1, 25 MRSA Pt. 12, sec. 4504.3; Mass. SB 1664, Sec. 1, amending Ch. 272 of General Laws as 99C(g), and HB 1357, Sec. 99C(h); Mich. HB 4455 Sec. 11(1); Ohio HB 364, Sec.4561.54(D); Or. SB 853, Sec. 9.(1) and (3); R.I. Gen. Assembly Jan. 2013, amending title 12 of General Laws, Ch. 5.3, 12-5.3.-7; Wash. HB 1771 Sec. 6.(4) and Wash. SB 5782, Sec. 6(5).

Requirement to delete information on nontargets is located in Ark. HB1904, amending Ark. Code Title 12, as 12-19-105; Haw. SB, 263B-3(a); Me. SP 72, amends Sec. 1, 25 MRSA Pt. 12, sec. 4503; Mass. SB 1664/Mass. HB 1357, Sec. 1, amending Ch. 272 of General Laws as 99C(e); Mich. HB 4455 Sec. 7(1); N.Y. AO 6541, Sec 66-B; N.J. Assembly No. 3157, Sec.2.d.; N.C. HB 312, Sec. 15A-232. (g); N.D. HB 1373, Sec. 6.2; Okla. HB 1556, Sec. 3.F; R.I. Gen. Assembly Jan. 2013, amending title 12 of General Laws, Ch. 5.3, 12-5.3.-11; Tenn. SB 796, Sec.1(f); Vt. HB 540/SB 16, amending Sec. 1 20 V.S.A. Ch. 205 as, sec. 4622(c)(2)(A)–(B); and Wash. HB 1771/WA SB 5782, Sec. 11; W. Va. HB 2997, Sec. 1-7-6(b).

Retention limits, see Cal. Assembly Bill 1327, Sec. 1, Title 14, 14353; Cal. SB No. 15, Sec. 5 amending 14354 of Penal code, para. (a); Ill. SB 1587, Sec. 20; N.D. HB 1373, Sec. 6.3; Or. HB 2710, Sec. 1.(4) and Or. SB 524, Sec.1(5); Tenn. SB 796, Sec.1(f); Wash. HB 1771/Wash. SB 5782, Sec. 12; W. Va. HB 2997, Sec. 1-7-6(c).]

Weapon restrictions. Of these, several preclude equipping UAS with nonlethal weapons, pepper spray, bean bag guns, mace, and sound-based weapons as well: AR HB 1904 Sec. 12-19-104, para. (d); Cal. Senate Bill No. 15, Sec. 5,amending Title 14, Section 14350 of the Penal Code, Sec. 14351(a) and Cal. AB 1327, Sec. 14354.5; Ga. SB 200 Sec. 3, para. (1); Haw. SB 783 Sec. 1, para. (e); Iowa SB 276 Sec. 14, Iowa HF 410, Sec. 1.3.; Kan. HB 2394 Sec. 1, para (b); Ky. 14 RS BR 1, Sec.1(2); Me. SP 72 Sec. 4502. 3; Mass. SB 1664 Sec. 1, para. (b), and Mass. HB 1357, Sec. 99-C(b); Mich. HB 4455 Sec. 3, para. (4); Minn. HF 990, Sec. 3, Subd. 3; N.D. HB 1373 Sec. 4, para. 1; N.Y. SB 4839, Sec. 66-A(5); N.Y. AO 6541 Sec 66-A.5.; Ohio HB 364, Sec.4561.57; Okla. HB 1556, Sec 5.A; Or. HB 2710, Sec. 10 and Or. SB 524, Sec.1(6); Pa. SB 875, Sec. 5; S.C. GA Bill 395, Ch. 39, Sec. 6-39-20; Tenn. HB 540 Sec. 4622, para. (e); Va. HB 2012 Sec. 1, para. 1; W. Va. HB 2732 Sec. 1-7-3, para. (b), and W. Va. HB 2997, Sec. 1-7-4(b); and Wis. SB 196/AB 203, Sec. 3; Alaska HB No. 209, Sec. 2. (c); Haw. HB 1561, Sec. 2(d); Haw. HB 1657, Sec. 3; Haw. HB 1775, Sec. 8; Iowa SB 3145, Sec. 1.6.; Kan. HB 2683, Sec. 3(b); Kan. SB 409, Sec. 3(c)(1)–(2); Ky. 14 R.S. B.R. 1328, Sec. 2 and 5(c); Ky. 14 R.S. B.R. 1, Sec. (2); Md. SB 926, Sec. 1(G); Minn. HF 2552, Sec. 1, Subd. 4(e); Minn. SF 2687 Sec. 1 Subd. 4(e); Minn. HF 2553, Sec. 1, Subd. 4(e); N.J. SB 2310, Sec. 5; N.Y. AO 6541, Sec. 66-A(5); N.C. HB 1099, § 14-401.24(c)(5); Okla. HB 1556, Sec. 5 (A); R.I. HB 7170 12-5.3-2(d). There was no specific blanket prohibitions on UAS collection on homes/surrounding areas, places of worship, farms, and agricultural areas, unlike in 2013. However, N.J. AB 534, Sec. 1(g) restricted law enforcement from utilizing a UAS at an altitude greater than 350 ft.

Time limitations on UAS operations, see Cal. AB 1327 Sec. 14350, para. (d)(2); Ga. HB 560, Sec. 2(a)(4); Haw. SB 783 Sec. 1, para. (3)(B); Ill. SB 1587, Sec. 15(3); Me. SP 72, sec. 4502.2. D; Mich. HB 4455 Sec. 5(d); Ohio HB 364, Sec.4561.54(A)(5); and Wash. HB 1771 Sec. 6.(4) and SB 5782, Sec. 8(1)(c).

Place restrictions, see Ariz. HB 2574, amending Sec. 1, Title 13, Ch. 30 ARS, 13-3007, Sec. B; Cal. Senate Bill No. 15, Sec. 3(j); Haw. SB, 2563B-2(c)(3)(A)-(B); Ind. SB 1134, Sec. 1.,21-213(2)(A)(i)(ii); N.M. SB 556, Sec. 3.B.; N.Y. AO 6370/SO 4537, Sec. 1, S 52-A.2.; and N.D. HB 1373, Sec. 6.4.

Collection only on the target includes Ark. HB1904, amending Ark. Code Title 12, as 12-19-104(b)(1); Cal. SB. 15, Title 14, Sec. 14354(a); Haw. SB, 263B-2(d); Me. SP 72, amends Sec. 1, 25 MRSA Pt. 12, sec. 4502.3; Mass. SB 1664, Sec. 1, amending Ch. 272 of General Laws as 99C(d)(1) and (3); Mich. HB 4455 Sec. 5(e); N.C. HB 312, Sec. 15A-232. (d); N.Y. AO 6541, Sec. 66-A.4.; Okla. HB 1556, Sec. 3.F; Or. HB 2710, Sec. 1.(4) and Or. SB 524, Sec.1(4); R.I. Gen. Assembly Jan. 2013, amending title 12 of General Laws, Ch. 5.3, 12-5.3.-2. (h); Vt. HB 540/SB 16, amending Sec. 1 20 V.S.A. Ch. 205 as, sec. 4622(c)(1); Wash. HB 1771, Sec. 4.

Retention of information captured contained in Alaska HB 255, Sec. 2. (b)(2)(a)(1)–(3) and Alaska SB 136, Sec 2(b)(2)(a)(1)–(3); Conn. GA Bill No. 5217, Sec. 5.(3)(d)(1); Haw. HB 1775, Sec. 4(b); Haw. HB 1827, Sec. 9; Haw. SB 2608, Sec. 2; Iowa SB 3145, Sec. 1.7. and Kan. HB 2683, Sec. 5(a); KS SB 409, Sec. 5(e); Md. SB 926, Sec. 1(F)(1)–(2); Minn. HF 2552, Sec. 1, Subd. 6(a).

Notice to the subject of monitoring: Haw. HB 1827, Sec. 5(e); Haw. HB 1827, Sec. 7(c); Md. SB 926, Sec. 1(I)(1)–(4); Minn. HF 2552, Sec. 1, Subd. 8(a); Minn. SF 2687 Sec. 1 Subd. 8(a)-(c); Minn. HF 2553 Sec. 1, Subd. 8(a)-(c); R.I. HB 7170, Sec. 12-5.3-7(a)(1)–(4); Wash. SB 6172, Sec. 6(5).

Dissemination clauses: Alaska HB 255, Secs. 2(b)(2)(b) and Sec. 4. (a); Alaska SB 136, Sec 2(b)(2)(b)–(c) and Sec. 4.; Conn. GA Bill No. 5217, Sec. 5.(3)(d)(1); Haw. HB 1827, Sec. 9; Haw. SB 2608, Sec. 2; Iowa SSB 3145, Sec. 1.7.; Iowa SB 3145, Sec. 1.7; KS HB 2683, Sec. 5(a); Kan. SB 409, Sec. 3(a)(3) and Sec. 5(c); La. SB 330, Sec. 1.H.(1)(b)–(c) and Sec. 1.H.(2); Md. SB 926, Sec. 1(F)(1)–(2); Minn. HF 2552, Sec. 1, Subd. 6(a); Minn. SF 2687 Sec. 1 Subd. 6 (b); Minn. HF 2553, Sec. 1, Subd. 6(b); N.J. SB 2310, Sec. 1(d); N.Y. AO 6541, Sec. 66-B(1); N.Y. SB 4839, Sec. 66-B(1); Ohio HB 364, Sec.4561.54(C); Ohio SB 189, Sec. 4561.54(6)(C); Okla. HB 1556, Sec. 3 (F); R.I. HB 7170, Sec. 12–5.3-11(a); Utah SB 167 Sec. 4(1)(a); Wash. SB 6172, Sec. 11.

Hunting provisions: Ala. SB 240; Mich. SB 926, Mich. SB 927, Mich. HB 5631 Sec. 40104(H); N.Y. AB 9697; N.Y. SB 7474; N.C. HB 1099, § 113–295(a); Pa. SB 1334, Sec. 2.

License requirements: N.C. SB 744, Sec.34.30. (g)§ 63-95(a)–(f); N.C. HB 1099, § 63-96(a)–(f).

Appendix F: State Legislation Procedural Requirement Provisions

Oversight and reporting requirements on everything from numbers of UAS warrants granted and denied, parameters of specific UAS flights, and information collected on targets and nontargeted individuals, to details on UAS use for missions other than law enforcement, can be found in Ariz. HB1904, amending Ariz. Code Title 12, as 12-19-106; Cal. AB 1327, Sec. 14351(a); Haw. SB, 263B-7; Ill. SB 1587, Sec. 35; Me. SP 72, amends Sec. 1, 25 MRSA Pt. 12, sec. 4507; Mass. SB 1664, Sec. 1, amending Ch. 272 of General Laws as 99C(i))/Mass. HB 1357(i); Mich. HB 4455, Sec. 15(1)–(3); N.Y. SB 4839, Sec. 66-D(1)–(5); N.Y. AO 6541, Sec. 66-D; N.C. HB 312, Sec. 15A-232. (h); Ohio HB 364, Sec.4561.59; Ohio SB 189, Sec. 4561.58(C)(a)–(h); Or. SB 71 Sec. 4(1), Or. SB 853, Sec. 10 and Or. 2710, Sec. 8; R.I. Gen. Assembly Jan. 2013, amending title 12 of General Laws, Ch. 5.3, 12-5.3.-12; Tex. HB 912, Sec. 423.008; Vt. HB 540/SB 16, amending Sec. 1 20 V.S.A. Ch. 205 as, sec. 4625; Wash. HB 1771, Sec. 15–18 and 21; Wash. SB 5782, Sec. 15–18 and 22.

States with post-emergency documentation requirements include Ariz. HB 1904, amending Ariz. Code Title 12, as 12-19-104(a)(2)(B); Haw. SB, 263B-4(a)(4); Ill. SB 1587, Sec. 15(3); Me. SP 72 Sec. 4503.1.B.; Mass. SB 1664, Sec. 1, amending Ch. 272 of General Laws as 99C(c)(3); Mich. HB 4455, Sec.5(b)(i)–(ii); Minn. HF 990, Sec. 3, Subd. 5; N.Y. SB 4839, Sec. 66-A(3)(B); N.C. HB 312, Sec. 15A-232. (c)(3); Ohio HB 364, Sec.4561.54(A)(2)(a)–(b); Ohio SB 189, Sec. 4561.54(3)–(4); Okla. HB 1556, Sec. 3.B.3.; Or. SB 853, Sec. 6(2); R.I. Gen. Assembly Jan. 2013, amending title 12 of General Laws, Ch. 5.3, 12-5.3.-2. (f)(2); Vt. HB 540/SB 16, amending Sec. 1 20 V.S.A. Ch. 205 as, sec. 4623(a)(2); and Wash. HB 1771 Sec. 6/Wash. HB 5782, Sec.8(c).

Public notice or reports of UAS operations: Cal. Assembly Bill 1327, Sec. 1, Title 14, 14352 and Sec. 14352 and Cal. SB No. 15, amending Penal Code 14354(c); Ill. SB 1587, Sec. 35; Me. SP 72, amends Sec. 1, 25 MRSA Pt. 12, sec. 4507.3; N.J. Assembly No. 3157, Sec. 3.a.; N.Y. AO 6541, Sec. 66-D; N.C. HB 312, Sec. 15A-232. (h); Or. SB 853, Sec. 10 and Or. 2710, Sec. 8 and Wash. HB 1771, Sec. 19, 21 and Wash. SB 5782, Sec. 15–18.

Record-keeping requirements, see Me. SP 72, amends Sec. 1, 25 MRSA Pt. 12, sec. 4506.4; N.D. HB 1373, Sec. 7; Wash. HB 1771, Sec. 20 and W. Va. HB 2997, Sec. 1-7-7; H.R. 210, 2015 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2015); H.R. 2354, 2015 Leg., 78th Sess. (Org. 2015); H.R. 296, 2015 Leg., 60th Sess. (Utah 2015); H.D. 2077, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015).

Approval required before an agency could acquire a UAS: Haw. HB 1775, Sec. 3(a); Haw. HB 1827, Sec. 3; Iowa SB 3145, Sec. 1.2.; Kan HB 2683, Sec. 4(a); Kan. SB 409, Sec. 4(a); Minn. HF 2552, Sec. 1, Subd. 4(b); Minn. SF 2687 Sec. 1, Subd. 4(b); Minn. HF 2553, Sec. 1, Subd. 4(b); N.H. HB 1307; N.C. SB 744, Sec. 7.11. (a); R.I. HB 7170 12-5.3-2(b); Wash. HB 2789, Sec. 9. Compare to 2013 filings: Cal. Assembly Bill 1327, Sec. 1, Title 14, 14351(a) and Cal. SB 15, Sec. 14355; Ind. SB 20, Sec (6); Me. SP 72, amends Sec. 1, 25 MRSA Pt. 12, sec. 4502.1; Mass. SB 1664, Sec. 1, amending Ch. 272 of General Laws as 99C(b) and Mass. HB 1357, Sec. 99C. (b); Mich. HB 4455, Sec. 3(2); N.Y. AO 6451, Sec. 66-A.1.; Or. HB 2710, Sec. 1.(8) and Or. SB 524, Sec. 1(8); R.I. Gen. Assembly Jan. 2013, amending title 12 of General Laws, Ch. 5.3, 12-5.3.-2. (b); Wash. HB 1771, Sec. 4(1) and Wash. SB 5782, Sec. 4(1)–(2); Sen. 183, 2015 Leg., (La. 2015); Assem. 4344, 2015 Leg., 216th Sess. (N.J. 2015); H.R. 4, 2015 Leg., (N.C. 2015); H.R. 2354, 2015 Leg., 78th Sess. (Org. 2015).

Emergency responders to file documentation within 24–48 h: Conn. GA Bill No. 5217, Sec. 5.(3)(c)(2)(D); Haw. HB 1827, Sec. 7(a)(1)–(4); Kan. HB 2683, Sec. 4(c)(2); Minn. HF 2552, Sec. 1, Subd. 3(a); Minn. SF 2687 Sec. 1, Subd. 3(a); Minn. HF 2553 Sec. 1, Subd. 3(a); N.Y. AO 6541, Sec. 66-A(3)(B); Okla. HB 1556, Sec. 3 (B)(3); R.I. HB 7170 12-5.3-2(f)(2).

Reporting rules for law enforcement, legislature, and judiciary: Conn. GA Bill No. 5217, Sec. 5.(3)(e)–(f); Haw. HB 1775, Sec. 3(c)(1)–(2); Haw. HB 1827, Sec. 11; Haw. SB 2608, Sec. 2; Iowa SSB 3145, Sec. 1.10; Kan. HB 2683, Sec. 8; Kan. SB 409, Sec. 4(d)(1)(A)–(D); Kan. SB 409, Sec. 6–8; La. SB 330, Sec. 2; Md. SB 926, Sec. 1(M); Minn. HF 2552, Sec. 1, Subd. 10(b); Minn. SF 2687 Sec. 1, Subd. 10(b); Minn. HF 2553, Sec. 1, Subd. 10(a); Minn. HF 2553, Sec. 1, Subd. 10(a); N.J. SB 2310, Sec. 4(b); N.Y. AO 6541 Sec. 66-D(1)–(5); R.I. HB 7170, Sec. 12–5.3-12(a)(1)–(6); Utah SB 167 Sec. 5(1)(a); Wash. SB 6172, Sec. 15 (1)–(6). Specific record-keeping on UAS operations: Kan. SB 409, Sec. 4(c); La. SB 330, Sec. 2; N.J. SB 2310, Sec. 2(a)–(e); Wash. HB 2178, Sec. 4(1). Public notice of UAS operations, images, and government agency UAS reports filed: Kan. HB 2683, Sec. 8; La. SB 330, Sec. 2; Minn. HF 2552, Sec. 1, Subd. 10; Minn. SF 2687 Sec. 1 Subd. 10(a); Minn. HF 2553, Sec. 1, Subd. 10(a); Sen. 15-059, 2015 Leg., (Colo. 2015); H.R. 44, 2015 Leg., 152nd Sess. (Ga. 2015); Sen. 579, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 2397, 2015 Leg., (Kan. 2015); H.R. 1322, 2015 Leg., 189th Sess. (Mass. 2015); Sen. 1835, 2015 Leg., 189th Sess. (Mass. 2015); Sen. 1299, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.D. 2077, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); H.R 2016, 2015 Leg., 64th Sess. (Wash. 2015); H.R. 18, 2014 Leg., 61st Sess. (Wyo. 2014).

Requirements to adopt new procedures, see Assem. 56, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); Sen. 262, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015).

Appendix G: State Legislation Violation Ramification Provisions

Criminal exclusionary rules include Ala. SB 317, Sec. 1(d); Alaska HB 159a, Sec. 3(a); Ariz. HB 2574, amending Sec. 1, Title 13, Ch. 30 ARS, 13-3007, Sec. C; Ariz. HB 1904, amending Ariz. Code Title 12, as 12-19-105(b); Fla. SB 92, Sec. 1(5); Haw. SB, 2563B-3(b); Ill. SB 1587, Sec. 30; Ind. SB 20, Sec (5); Iowa HF 427, Sec.1.5; Kan. HB 2394 Sec. 1(e); Ky. HB 454, Sec. 5 and Ky. 14 RS BR 1, Sec. 1(5); Me. SP 72, amends Sec. 1, 25 MRSA Pt. 12, sec. 4503; Me. SP 72, amends Sec. 1, 25 MRSA Pt. 12, sec. 4506.3.; Md. HB 1233, 1-203-1(D); Mass. SB 1664, Sec. 1, amending Ch. 272 of General Laws as 99C(f) and Mass. HB 1357, Sec. 99-C(f); Mich. HB 4455 Sec. 7(2); Minn. HF SF 1506, Sec. 1, Sub 5, Minn. 1620/1706, Sec. 3, Sub. 5 and Minn. HF 990, Sec. 1, Subd. 7; Mo. HB 46, Sec. 305.641.2; Mont. SB 196, Sec. 1(1)(b); Neb. LB 412, Sec. 6; N.J. Assembly No. 3157, Sec.2.d. and N.J. AB 3929, para. 3; N.M. SB 556, Sec. 5.B.; N.Y. SB 4839, Sec. 66-B(2), N.Y. AO 6370/SO 4537, Sec. 1, S 52-A.4.B., N.Y. AO 6244, Sec. 1. S 700.16, para. 3 and N.Y. AO 6541, Sec. 66-B.2.; N.C. HB 312, Sec. 15A-232. (f); N.D. HB 1373, Sec. 6.1; Ohio HB 207, Sec. 4561.50(B); Ohio HB 364, Sec.4561.58(A),Ohio SB 189, Sec. 4561.54(6); Okla. HB 1556, Sec. 3.E. and Sec. 4.E.; Or. HF 2710, Sec. 11, Or. SB 71, Sec. 4(3) and Or. SB 853, Sec. 4(2)(a) and 8(2)(a); R.I. Gen. Assembly Jan. 2013, amending title 12 of General Laws, Ch. 5.3, 12-5.3.-8, .9 and 11.; R.I. LC00564, Sec. 12-5.3.2; SC H 3415, Sec. 2(D); Tenn. HB 591, Sec. 1(f) and Tenn. SB 796, Sec. 1(g)(2); Tex. HB 912, Ch. 423, Sec. 423.005(1); Vt. HB 540/SB 16, amending Sec. 1 20 V.S.A. Ch. 205 as, sec. 4622(d); Wash. HB 1771/Wash. SB 5782 Sec. 10; Wis. SB 196/AB 203, Sec. 5, amending Sec. 972.113; W. Va. HB 2732, Art. 7, sec. 1-7-6., W. Va. HB 2997, Sec. 1-7-6(a); Wyo. HB 0242, 7-3-1005. Even if the state fails to include a specific criminal exclusionary provision in their bill, it is safe to assume that the courts would still exclude the evidence consistent with their constitution or other law if law enforcement did not obtain a warrant, unless a judicial exception to the warrant requirement applied.

Civil or administrative exclusionary rules, see Alaska HB 159a, Sec. 1(a); Ariz. HB 2574, amending Sec. 1, Title 13, Ch. 30 ARS, 13-3007, Sec. C; Ark. HB 1904, amending Ark. Code Title 12, as 12-19-105(b); Ga. HB 560, Sec. 2(e); Haw. SB, 2563B-3(b); Ill. SB 1587, Sec. 30; IN SB 20, Sec (5); Ky. HB 454, Sec. 5; Me. SP 72, amends Sec. 1, 25 MRSA Pt. 12, sec. 4503 and Ky. 14 RS BR 1, Sec. 1(5); Me. SP 72, amends Sec. 1, 25 MRSA Pt. 12, sec. 4506.3.; Mass. SB 1664, Sec. 1, amending Ch. 272 of General Laws as 99C(f) and Mass. HB 1357, Sec. 99-C(f); Mich. HB 4455 Sec. 7(2); Minn. HF 990, Sec. 1, Subd. 7; Mo. HB 46, Sec. 305.641.2; Mont. SB 196, Sec. 1(1)(b); Mont. SB 196, Sec. 2(3); N.M. SB 556, Sec. 5.B.; N.Y. AO 6370/SO 4537, Sec. 1, S 52-A.4.B. and N.Y. AO 6541, Sec. 66-B.2., N.Y. SB 4839, Sec. 66-B(2); N.C. HB 312, Sec. 15A-232. (f); Ohio HB 364, Sec.4561.58(B); Ohio SB 189, Sec. 4561.57(B), Ohio HB 207, Sec. 4561.50(B); Okla. HB 1556, Sec. 3.E. & 4.E.; Or. HF 2710, Sec. 11, Or. SB 71, Sec. 4(3) and Or. SB 853, Sec. 4(2)(a) and 8(2)(a); R.I. LC000564, Sec. 12-5.3-2; Tex. HB 912, Ch. 423, Sec. 423.005(1); Vt. HB 540/SB 16, amending Sec. 1 20 V.S.A. Ch. 205 as, sec.4622(d); Wash. HB 1771/Wash. SB 5782 Sec. 10 and W. Va. HB 2997, Sec. 1-7-6(a).

Derivative evidence exclusions include Ark. HB1904, amending Ark. Code Title 12, as 12-19-105(b); Ga. HB 560, Sec. 2(e); Ind. SB 20, Sec (5); Kan. HB 2394 Sec. 1(e); Mass. SB 1664, Sec. 1, amending Ch. 272 of General Laws as 99C(f); Mish. HB 4455 Sec. 7(2); N.J. Assembly No. 3157, Sec.2.d.; N.Y. AO 6370/SO 4537, Sec. 1, S 52-A.4.B.; Ohio HB 207, Sec. 4561.50(B); Okla. HB 1556, Sec. 3.E. & 4.E.; Or. HF 2710, Sec. 11, Or. SB 853, Sec. 4(2)(a); R.I. LC000564, Sec. 12-5.3-2; Wash. HB 1771/Wash. SB 5782, Sec. 10.

Civil liability for UAS users who violate state provisions: Ariz. HB 2574, amending Sec. 1, Title 13, Ch. 30 ARS, 13-3007, Sec. E; Cal. Assembly Bill 1327, Sec. 1, Title 14, 14352; Fla. SB 92, Sec. 1(5) and Cal. SB 15, Sec. 2 amending Sec. 1708.8 of Civil Code; Idaho SB 1134, Sec. 1.,21-213(3)(a); Iowa HF 427, Sec. 1.4; Kan. HB 2394 Sec. 1(d); Ky. HB 454, Sec. 4; Me. SP 72, amends Sec. 1, 25 MRSA Pt. 12, sec. 4505; Md. HB 1233, 1-203-1(C); Minn. HF SF 1506, Sec. 1, Sub 4, Minn. 1620/1706, Sec. 3, Sub. 5 and Minn. HF 990, Sec. 1, Subd. 6(b); Mo. HB 46, Sec. 305.641.1 and .3; Neb. LB 412, Sec. 4; N.M. SB 556, Sec. 5.A.; N.J. AO 3929, Sec. 2; N.Y. AO 6370/SO 4537, Sec. 1, S 52-A.4.C. and N.Y. AO 6244, Sec. 1. S 700.16, para. 3; N.C. HB 312, Sec. 15A-232. (e); N.D. HB 1373, Sec. 4; Ohio HB 207, Sec. 4561.50(C), Ohio HB 364, Sec.4561.54(A)(6); Okla. HB 1556, Sec. 3.D.; OR HB 2710, Sec. 14–15; R.I. Gen. Assembly Jan. 2013, amending title 12 of General Laws, Ch. 5.3, 12-5.3.-10.; CH 3415, Sec. 2(C); Tenn. HB 591, Sec. 1(e); Tex. HB 912, Ch. 423, Sec. 423.006(2)–(3); Wash. HB 1771, Sec. 13; W. Va. HB 2732, Art. 7, sec. 1-7-5. and W. Va. HB 2997, Sec. 1-7-5. Injunctive relief provisions include: Ala. SB 317, Sec. 1(c); Ariz. HB 2574, amending Sec. 1, Title 13, Ch. 30 ARS, 13-3007, Sec. E; Cal. Assembly Bill 1327, Sec. 1, Title 14, 14352 and Cal. Senate Bill No. 15, Sec. 2(h); Fla. SB 92, Sec. 1(5); Kan. HB 2394 Sec. 1(d); Ky. HB 454, Sec. 4; Me. SP 72, amends Sec. 1, 25 MRSA Pt. 12, sec. 4506; Md. HB 1233, 1-203-1(C); Minn. 1620/1706, Sec. 3, Sub. 5; Ohio HB 46, Sec. 305.641.1; N.M. SB 556, Sec. 5.A.; N.J. AO 3929, Sec. 2; N.Y. AO 6370/SO 4537, Sec. 1, S 52-A.4.C. and N.Y. AO 6244, Sec. 1. S 700.16, para. 3; N.D. HB 1373, Sec. 4; S.C. H 3415, Sec. 2(C); Tex. HB 912, Ch. 423, Sec. 423.006(1); Wash. HB 1771, Sec. 13 and W. Va. HB 2732, Art. 7, sec. 1-7-5. And W. Va. HB 2997, Sec. 1-7-5.

Criminal liability is found in Alaska HB 159a, Sec. 2(d); Ariz. HB 2574, amending Sec. 1, Title 13, Ch. 30 ARS, 13-3007, Sec. F; Cal. Senate Bill No. 15, Sec. 3(j); Ga. HB 560, Sec. 2(b)-(d); Ind. SB 20, Sec.4(b); Mich. HB 4455, Sec. 17; Minn. 1620/1706, Sec. 3, Subd.2; Minn. HF 990, Sec. 1, Subd. 6(a); Mont. SB 196, Sec. 1(1)(c); N.H. HB 619, IV.-a.; N.J. Assembly No. 3157, Sec. 5; N.M. SB 556, Sec. 5.C.; N.Y. AO 6370/SO 4537, Sec. 1, S 52-A.4.A.; N.C. HB 312, Sec. 15A-232. (e); Okla. HB 1556, Sec. 4.D and 5.B.; Or. HB 2710, Sec. 13(1), and Or. SB 71, Secs. 2–3; Tex. HB 912, Ch. 423, Sec. 423.004; Wash. SB 5782, Sec. 13 and Wis. SB 196/AB 203, Sec. 3, amending Sec. 941.292 of the statutes.

Administrative disciplinary provisions can be found in Haw. SB, 263B-3(c) and 263B-6; Mich. HB 4455, Sec. 13(1).

Criminalization of violations: Ariz. HB 2538 Sec E; Conn. GA Bill No. 5217, Secs. 1–3; Haw. HB 1657, Sec. 3, and Sec. 4.1. (j); Haw. HB 1775, Sec. 4 (a); Haw. HB 2421, Sec. 3 and Sec. 4; Haw. SB 2152, Sec. 3 and Haw. SB 2852; Iowa SB 3145, Sec. 1.9.; Iowa SB 336, Sec. 3(a); Kan. SB 409, Sec. 11(a)(8)–(9) and 11(b)(4) and Sec. 3(d); La. SB 330, Sec. 1.I(1)–(2); La. SB 356, Sec. 1.D.(1); N.Y. SB 7639, Sec. 15; N.C. SB 744, Sec.34.30. (d)§ 14-401.24(a)–(d); N.C. HB 1099, § 14-280.3(a); Okla. HB 1556, Sec. 3 (C); Pa. SB 1334, Sec. 2(e)(2)(i); Tenn. HB 1779, Sec. 4(b); Tenn. HB 1892, Sec. 4(b).

Exclusionary, see Sen. 1178, 2015 Leg., (Fla. 2015); Sen. 1329, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.R. 2397, 2015 Leg., (Kan. 2015); H.R. 1322, 2015 Leg., 189th Sess. (Mass. 2015); Sen. 1835, 2015 Leg., 189th Sess. (Mass. 2015); Sen. 1792, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 686, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 1299, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); Sen. 685, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 1194, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 986, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 1491, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 1197, 2015 Leg., 89th Sess. (Minn. 2015); H.R. 210, 2015 Leg., 164th Sess. (N.H. 2015); Sen. 303, 2015 Leg., 52nd Sess. (N.M. 2015); Assem. 1247, 2015 Leg., 201st Sess. (N.Y. 2015); H.R. 1328, 2015 Leg., 64th Sess. (N.D. 2015); Sen. 503, 2015 Leg., 54th Sess. (Okla. 2015); H.R. 2354, 2015 Leg., 78th Sess. (Org. 2015); Sen. 179, 2015 Leg., (R.I. 2015); H.R. 3415, 2015 Leg., (S.C. 2015); Sen. 498, 2015 Leg., (S.C. 2015) H.D. 2125, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); Sen. 1301, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); Sen. 751, 2015 Leg., (Va. 2015); H.D. 2653, 2015 Leg., 82nd Sess. (W. Va. 2015); H.R. 18, 2014 Leg., 61st Sess. (Wyo. 2014).

Civil liability provisions, see H.R. 1770, 2015 Leg., 90th Sess. (Ark. 2015); H.R. 1349, 2015 Leg., 90th Sess. (Ark. 2015); Sen. 170, 2015 Leg., (Cal. 2015); H.R. 44, 2015 Leg., 152nd Sess. (Ga. 2015); Assem. 4344, 2015 Leg., 216th Sess. (N.J. 2015); Sen. 82, 2015 Leg., 52nd Sess. (N.M. 2015); H.R. 2354, 2015 Leg., 78th Sess. (Org. 2015); Sen. 393, 2015 Leg., 78th Sess. (Org. 2015); H.R. 486, 2015 Leg., 109th Sess. (Tenn. 2015); Sen. 991, 2015 Leg., 109th Sess. (Tenn. 2015); H.R. 1093, 2015 Leg., 64th Sess. (Wash. 2015).

Sexual Gratification and Harassment:

Criminalization of violations, see H.R. 1770, 2015 Leg., 90th Sess. (Ark. 2015); H.R. 1349, 2015 Leg., 90th Sess. (Ark. 2015); H.R. 15-1115, 2015 Leg., (Colo. 2015); H.R. 195, 2015 Leg., 147th Sess. (Del. 2015); H.R. 44, 2015 Leg., 152nd Sess. (Ga. 2015); H.R. 609, 2015 Leg., 28th Sess. (Haw. 2015); H.D. 2653, 2015 Leg., 82nd Sess. (W. Va. 2015); H.R. 18, 2014 Leg., 61st Sess. (Wyo. 2014).

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Zoldi, D.M.K., Speirs, G.R., Lewber, J. (2018). Unmanned Aircraft System Legislative Trends in the United States at the State Level, 2013–2016: A Comprehensive Review. In: Valavanis, K., Vachtsevanos, G. (eds) Handbook of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32193-6_160-1

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