Abstract
Evacuation simulation systems simulate the evacuation behaviors of people during emergencies. In an emergency, people are upset and hence do not behave as they do during evacuation drills. Reports on past disasters reveal various unusual human behaviors. An agent-based system enables an evacuation simulation to consider these human behaviors, including their mental and social status. Simulation results that take the human factor into consideration seem to be a good tool for creating and improving preventions plans. However, it is important to verify and validate the simulation results for evacuations in unusual scenarios that have not yet occurred. This chapter shows that the combination of an agent’s physical and mental status and pedestrian dynamics is the key to replicating various human behaviors in crowd evacuation simulation. This realistic crowd evacuation simulation has the potential for practical application in the field.
References
Abe K (1986) Panic and human science: prevention and safety in disaster management. Buren Shuppan. in Japanese, Japan
Averill JD, Mileti DS, Peacock RD, Kuligowski ED, Groner NE (2005) Occupant behavior, egress, and emergency communications (NIST NCSTAR 1–7). Technical report, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaitherburg
B. news Woman dies after ‘terror drill’ at Kenya’s strathmore university. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34969266. Date:16 Mar 2016
Banerjee B, Kraemer L (2010) Validation of agent based crowd egress simulation (extended abstract). In: International conference on autonomous agents and multiAgent systems (AAMAS’10). pp 1551–1552. http://www.aamas-conference.org/proceeding.html
Cabinet Office Government of Japan. Prevention Disaster Conference, the Great West Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. Report on evacuation behavior of people (in Japanese). http://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/chousakai/tohokukyokun/7/index.html. Date: 16 Mar 2016. in Japanese.
Cabinet Office of UK (2011) Understanding crowd behaviours: documents. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/understanding-crowd-behaviours-documents. 20 Mar 2016
de Walle BV, Murray T (2007) Emergency response information systems: emerging trends and technologies. Commun ACM 50(3):28–65
Drabek TE (2013) The human side of disaster, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Dridi M (2015) Simulation of high density pedestrian flow: a microscopic model. Open J Model Simul 3(4):81–95
Feynman RP (1967) Seeking new laws. In: The character of physical law. The MIT Press, Cambridge
Galea ER, Hulse L, Day R, Siddiqui A, Sharp G, Boyce K, Summerfield L, Canter D, Marselle M, Greenall PV (2008) The uk wtc9/11 evacuation study: an overview of the methodologies employed and some preliminary analysis. In: Schreckenberg A, Klingsch WWF, Rogsch C, Schreckenberg M (eds) Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics 2008 (pp. 3–24). Springer, Heidelberg
Grosshandler WL, Bryner NP, Madrzykowski D, Kuntz K (2005) Report of the technical investigation of the station nightclub fire (NIST NCSTAR 2). Technical report, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaitherburg
Hawe GI, Coates G, Wilson DT, Crouch RS (2012) Agent-based simulation for large-scale emergency response. ACM Comput Surv 45(1):1–51
Helbing D, Farkas I, Vicsek T (2000) Simulating dynamical features of escape panic. Nature 407:487–490
Isenhour ML, Löhner R (2014) Validation of a pedestrian simulation tool using the {NIST} stairwell evacuation data. Transp Res Procedia 2:739–744, The Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2014 (PED 2014), 22–24 October 2014, Delft, The Netherlands
ISO:TR16738:2009. Fire-safety engineering – technical information on methods for evaluating behaviour and movement of people
Kuligowski ED (2005) Review of 28 egress models. In: NIST SP 1032; Workshop on building occupant movement during fire emergencies.
Musse SR, Thalmann D (2007) Crowd simulation. Springer-Verlag, London
Natalie Fridman AZ, Kaminka GA (2013) The impact of culture on crowd dynamics: an empirical approach. In: International conference on autonomous agents and multiagent systems, AAMAS’13, p 143–150
Niwa T, Okaya M, Takahash T (2015) TENDENKO: agent-based evacuation drill and emergency planning system. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 9002. Springer, Heidelberg
Okaya M, Takahashi T (2014) Effect of guidance information and human relations among agents on crowd evacuation behavior. In: Kirsch U, Weidmann U, Schreckenberg M (eds) Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics 2012. Springer, Cham
Okaya M, Southern M, Takahashi T (2013) Dynamic information transfer and sharing model in agent based evacuation simulations. In: International conference on autonomous agents and multiagent systems, AAMAS 13. pp 1295–1296
Okumura H (2014) The 3.11 disaster and data. J Inf Process 22(4):566–573
Parikh N, Swarup S, Stretz PE, Rivers CM, Bryan MVM, Lewis L, Eubank SG, Barrett CL, Lum K, Chungbaek Y (2013) Modeling human behavior in the aftermath of a hypothetical improvised nuclear detonation. In: International conference on autonomous agents and multiagent systems, AAMAS’13, pp 949–956
Peacock RD, Kuligowski ED, Averill JD (2011) Pedestrian and evacuaion dynamics. Springer, Heidelberg
Pelechano N, Allbeck J, Badler N (2008) Virtual crowds: methods, simulation, and control. Morgan & Claypool Publishers series, California, New York
Ripley A (2008) The unthinkable: who survives when disaster strikes – and why. New York: Three Rivers Press
Ronchi E, Kuligowski ED, Reneke PA, Peacock RD, Nilsson D (2013) The process of verification and validation of building fire evacuation models. Technical report. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaitherburg. Technical Note 1822
Saijo T (2014) Be a tsunami survivor. http://wallpaper.fumbaro.org/survivor/tsunami_en_sspj.pdf. Date:17 Mar 2016
Takahashi T (2015) Qualitative methods of validating evacuation behaviors. In Takayasu H, Ito N, Noda I, Takayasu M (eds) Proceedings of the international conference on social modeling and simulation, plus econophysics colloquium 2014. Springer proceedings in complexity. Springer International Publishing, pp 231–242
Takahashi T, Niwa T, Isono R (2015) Method for simulating the evacuation behaviours of people in dynamically changing situations. In: Proceedings of TGF2015. Springer. To be published in 2016 Fall
Tokyo Fire Department. Excellence mark -certified fire safety building indication system. http://www.tfd.metro.tokyo.jp/eng/inf/excellence_mark.html. Date: 25 Jan 2016
Tsai J, Fridman N, Bowring E, Brown M, Epstein S, Kaminka G, Marsella S, Ogden A, Rika I, Sheel A, Taylor ME, Wang X, Zilka A, Tambe M (2011) Escapes: evacuation simulation with children, authorities, parents, emotions, and social comparison. In: The 10th international conference on autonomous agents and multiagent systems, vol 2, AAMAS’11. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, pp 457–464
Turoff M (2002) Past and future emergency response information systems. Commun ACM 45(4):29–32
Wanger N, Agrawal V (2014) An agent-based simulation system for concert venue crowd evacuation modeling in the presence of a fire disaster. Expert Syst Appl 41:2807–2815
Weidmann U, Kirch U, Schreckenberg M (eds) (2014) Pedestrain and evacuation dynamics 2012. Springer, Heidelberg
Weiss G (2000) Multiagent systems. The MIT Press, Massachusets
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this entry
Cite this entry
Takahashi, T. (2018). Crowd Evacuation Simulation. In: Handbook of Human Motion. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14418-4_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14418-4_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-14417-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-14418-4
eBook Packages: EngineeringReference Module Computer Science and Engineering