Glossary
- Anchor grouting:
-
Concrete pumped into the rocks around the upper part of the well to anchor the well and well cellar to the near-surface rock formations.
- Aquiclude:
-
A geological formation (or formations) which will not transmit water; a barrier to vertical movement of geothermal fluid.
- Aquifer:
-
A geological formation (or formations) which contains water or geothermal fluid and will allow fluid movement.
- Baseline:
-
Data set acquired before exploitation begins, against which any future measurements are compared.
- Benchmark:
-
Permanent survey mark, often consisting of a stainless steel pin set in a concrete block or in the concrete base of a pipeline support.
- Bleed:
-
A well that is throttled back to a minimum flow is said to be “on bleed.” It is often risky to completely shut down a geothermal production well because it may be difficult to restart. Bleeding also keeps the wellbore heated which minimizes corrosion.
- Deep liquid level:
-
Boundary between the two-phase and deep liquid...
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Primary Literature
Thain IA, Carey BS (2009) Fifty years of geothermal power generation at Wairakei. Geothermics 38(1):48–63
Allis RG, Hunt TM (1986) Analysis of exploitation induced gravity changes at Wairakei geothermal field. Geophysics 51:1647–1660
Bixley PF, Clotworthy AW, Mannington WI (2009) Evolution of the Wairakei geothermal reservoir during 50 years of production. Geothermics 38(1):145–154
Yoder JL (1998) Using meters to measure steam flow. http://www.flowresearch.com/articles/Plant_Engineering_0498.pdf
Mattar WM (2005) Advances in Coriolis technology resolve tough pipeline flow measurement challenges. Pipeline Gas J (July 2005.) http://www.pipelineandgasjournal.com
Bixley PF, Wilson DM (1985) Rapid casing corrosion in high temperature liquid dominated geothermal fields. In: Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford, pp 35–40
Bowyer D, Bignall G, Hunt T (2008) Formation and neutralization of corrosive fluids in the shallow injection aquifer, Rotokawa geothermal field, New Zealand. GRC Trans 32:201–205
Bixley PF, Hattersley SD (1983) Long term casing performance of Wairakei production wells. In: Proceedings of the 5th NZ Geothermal Workshop, Auckland, pp 257–263
Glover RB, Mroczek EK (2009) Chemical changes in natural features and well discharges in response to production at Wairakei, New Zealand. Geothermics 38(1):117–133
Klyen LE (1973) A vessel for collecting subsurface water samples from geothermal drillholes. Geothermics 2:57–60
Arnórsson S, Bjarnason JÖ, Giroud N, Gunnarsson I, Stefánsson A (2006) Sampling and analysis of geothermal fluids. Geofluids 6(3):203–216
Grob RL, Barry EF (2004) Modern practice of gas chromatography, 4th edn. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1064 pp. ISBN-10: 0471229830, ISBN-13: 978-0471229834
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Adams MC, Beall JJ, Enedy SL, Hirtz PN, Kilbourn P, Koenig BA, Kunzman R, Smith JL (2001) Hydrofluorocarbons as geothermal vapor-phase tracers. Geothermics 30(6):747–775
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Massonnet D, Holzer T, Vadon H (1997) Land subsidence caused by the East Mesa geothermal field, California, observed using SAR interferometry. Geophys Res Lett 24:901–904
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Bromley CJ (2009) Groundwater changes in the Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system. Geothermics 38(1):134–144
Bromley CJ, Hunt TM, Morris C (1993) Cold downflows of groundwater at Ohaaki Geothermal Field; preliminary results. In: Proceedings of the 15th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop, Auckland, pp 181–186
Hunt TM, Bromley CJ, Risk GF, Sherburn S, Soengkono S (2009) Geophysical investigations of the Wairakei field. Geothermics 38(1):85–97
Hunt TM (1970) Gravity changes at Wairakei geothermal field, New Zealand. Geol Soc Am Bull 81:529–536
Atkinson PG, Pedersen JR (1988) Using precision gravity data in geothermal reservoir engineering modelling studies. In: Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford, pp 35–40
Hunt TM, Allis RG, Blakely MR, O’Sullivan MJ (1990) Testing reservoir simulation models for the Broadlands geothermal field using precision gravity data. Geoth Resour Counc Trans 14:1287–1294
Hunt TM (2005) Using repeat microgravity measurements to track reinjection in a liquid-dominated field. In: Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress 2005 (CD). Paper No. 1117
Hunt TM, Kissling WM (1994) Determination of reservoir properties at Wairakei geothermal field using gravity change measurements. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 63:129–143
Majer EL, Baria R, Stark M, Oates S, Bommer J, Smith B, Asanuma H (2007) Induced seismicity associated with enhanced geothermal systems. Geothermics 36:185–222
Sherburn S, Allis RG, Clotworthy A (1990) Microseismic activity at Wairakei and Ohaaki geothermal fields. In: Proceedings of the 12th NZ Geothermal Workshop, Auckland, pp 51–55
Stein S, Wysession M (2002) An introduction to seismology, earthquakes, and earth structure. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, 512 pp. ISBN: 978-0-86542-078-6
Zuccaa JJ, Hutchingsa LJ, Kasameyera PW (1994) Seismic velocity and attenuation structure of the Geysers geothermal field, California. Geothermics 23(2):111–126
Bommer JJ, Oates S, Cepeda JM, Lindholm C, Bird J, Torres R, Marroquín G, Rivas J (2006) Control of hazard due to seismicity induced by a hot fractured rock geothermal project. Eng Geol 83:287–306
Smith B, Beall J, Stark M (2000) Induced seismicity in the SE Geysers field, California, USA. In: Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress 2000, Kyushu-Tohuku, Japan, pp 2887–2892
White PA, Hunt TM (1996) Simple modelling of the effects of exploitation on hot springs, Geyser Valley, Wairakei, New Zealand. Geothermics 34:184–204
Cataldi R, Hodgson SF, Lund JW (1999) Stories from a heated earth. Geothermal Resources Council and the International Geothermal Association, Sacramento, California, 569 pp. ISBN 0-934412-19-7
Books and Reviews
Armstead HCH (1980) Geothermal energy: its past, present and future contributions to the energy needs of man. E & F.N. Spon, London
Dickson MH, Fanelli M (2003) Geothermal energy utilization and technology. UNESCO Publishing, Paris, 205 pp. ISBN 92-3-103915-6
DiPippo R (2008) Geothermal power plants: principles, applications, case studies and environmental impact, 2 edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 520 pp. ISBN: 978-0-7506-8620-4
Ellis AJ, Mahon WAJ (1977) Chemistry and geothermal systems. Academic, New York, 392 pp. ISBN: 0-12-237450-9
Grant MA, Donaldson IG, Bixley PF (1982) Geothermal reservoir engineering. Academic, New York, 369 pp. ISBN: 0-12-295620-6
Hunt TM (2001) Five lectures on environmental effects of geothermal utilization. Report 2000–1, United Nations University, Reykjavik, Iceland, 109 pp. ISBN: 9979-68-070-9. http://os.is/Apps/WebObjects/Orkustofnun.woa/swdocument/2056/Trevor03.pdf
Kruger P, Otte C (1973) Geothermal energy: resources, production, stimulation. Stanford University Press, California, 360 pp
Rybach L, Muffler LJP (1981) Geothermal systems: principles and case histories. Wiley, New York
Thorhallsson S (2003) Geothermal well operation and maintenance. IGC2003 – Short Course September 2003:195–217. http://unugtp.is/Apps/WebObjects/Orkustofnun.woa/swdocument/539/13Sverrir.pdf
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Hunt, T.M. (2018). Geothermal Field and Reservoir Monitoring. In: Bronicki, L. (eds) Power Stations Using Locally Available Energy Sources. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology Series. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7510-5_298
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