Abstract
Cells undergo growth or increase in mass in the presence of nutrients. A key signaling molecule that responds to the presence of nutrients is the target of rapamycin (TOR). TOR is a highly conserved protein kinase and is the target of the growth inhibitor rapamycin. In response to nutrients, TOR promotes the phosphorylation of its downstream targets, leading to increased protein synthesis and decreased protein turnover. In yeast, a major mechanism for the downstream regulation of TOR effectors is by inhibition of the type 2A-related phosphatase SIT4. TOR negatively regulates SIT4 by promoting the association of SIT4 with TAP42. When TOR is inactivated by rapamycin treatment or nitrogen starvation, downstream effectors of TOR such as the serine/threonine protein kinase NPR1 and the TAP42 interacting protein TIP41 are dephosphorylated in a SIT4-dependent manner. The phosphorylation state of NPR1 and TIP41 provides a convenient readout in yeast to assay for TOR and SIT4 activities under growth-promoting or growth-inhibitory conditions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Jacinto, E. and Hall, M. N. (2003) TOR signalling in bugs, brain and brawn. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4, 117–126.
Di Como, C. J. and Arndt, K. T. (1996) Nutrients, via the TOR proteins, stimulate the association of TAP42 with type 2A phosphatases. Genes Dev. 10, 1904–1916.
Jacinto, E., Guo, B., Arndt, K. T., Schmelzle, T., and Hall, M. N. (2001) TIP41 interacts with TAP42 and negatively regulates the TOR signaling pathway. Mol. Cell 8, 1017–26.
Beck, T. and Hall, M. N. (1999) The TOR signalling pathway controls nuclear localization of nutrient-regulated transcription factors. Nature 402, 689–692.
Brunn, G. J., Hudson, C. C., Sekulic, A., et al. (1997) Phosphorylation of the translational repressor PHAS-I by the mammalian target of rapamycin. Science 277, 99–101.
Burnett, P. E., Barrow, R. K., Cohen, N. A., Snyder, S. H. and Sabatini, D. M. (1998) RAFT1 phosphorylation of the translational regulators p70 S6 kinase and 4E-BP1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 1432–1437.
Kim, D. H., Sarbassov dos, D., Ali, S. M., et al. (2002) mTOR interacts with raptor to form a nutrient-sensitive complex that signals to the cell growth machinery. Cell 110, 163–175.
Chung, J., Kuo, C. J., Crabtree, G. R., and Blenis, J. (1992) Rapamycin-FKBP specifically blocks growth-dependent activation of and signaling by the 70 kd S6 protein kinases. Cell 69, 1227–1236.
Price, D. J., Grove, J. R., Calvo, V., Avruch, J., and Bierer, B. E. (1992) Rapamycin-induced inhibition of the 70-kilodalton S6 protein kinases. Science 257, 973–977.
Graves, L. M., Bornfeldt, K. E., Argast, G. M., et al. (1995) cAMP-and rapamycin-sensitive regulation of the association of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E and the translational regulator PHAS-I in aortic smooth muscle cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 7222–7226.
Beretta, L., Gingras, A. C., Svitkin, Y. V., Hall, M. N., and Sonenberg, N. (1996) Rapamycin blocks the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and inhibits cap-dependent initiation of translation. EMBO J. 15, 658–664.
Peterson, R. T., Desai, B. N., Hardwick, J. S., and Schreiber, S. L. (1999) Protein phosphatase 2A interacts with the 70-kDa S6 kinase and is activated by inhibition of FKBP12-rapamycin association protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 4438–4442.
Schmidt, A., Beck, T., Koller, A., Kunz, J., and Hall, M. N. (1998) The TOR nutrient signalling pathway phosphorylates NPR1 and inhibits turnover of the tryptophan permease. EMBO J. 17, 6924–6931.
Bertram, P. G., Choi, J. H., Carvalho, J., et al. (2000) Tripartite regulation of Gln3p by TOR, Ure2p, and phosphatases. J Biol. Chem. 275, 35,727–35,733.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Jacinto, E. (2007). Phosphatase Targets in TOR Signaling. In: Moorhead, G. (eds) Protein Phosphatase Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 365. Springer, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59745-267-X:323
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59745-267-X:323
Publisher Name: Springer, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-711-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-267-0
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols