Abstract
During the last two decades, survival in cases of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has improved from 50% to approx 80%. This has been achieved primarily by intensifying therapy, particularly for high-risk groups (1). During this period, biological features of the disease have been investigated for prognostic significance, and along with clinical features, define patient groups for risk-adapted therapy (2). Although the prognostic significance of these variables is dependent on the type and intensity of the treatment regimen, in parallel there have been unprecedented advances made in our understanding of the biology of the disease (3-5).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Schrappe, M., Camitta, B., Pui, C. H., et al. (2000) Long-term results of large prospective trials in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 14, 2193ā2194.
Nachman, J. B., Sather, H. N., Sensel, M. G., et al. (1998) Augmented post-induction therapy for children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia and a slow response to initial therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 338, 1663ā1671.
Jones, L. K. and Saha, V. (2002) Chromatin modification, leukaemia and implications for therapy. Br. J. Haematol. 118, 714ā727.
Saha, V., Young, B. D., and Freemont, P. S. (1998) Translocations, fusion genes, and acute leukemia. J. Cell Biochem. 30ā31(Suppl.), 264ā276.
Look, A. T. (1997) Oncogenic transcription factors in the human acute leukemias. Science 278, 1059ā1064.
Secker-Walker, L. M., Swansbury, G. J., and Hardisty, R. M. (1978) Prognostic implications of chromosomal findings in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia at diagnosis. Br. Med. J. 2, 1529ā1530.
Look, A. T. (1988) The cytogenetics of childhood leukemia: clinical and biologic implications. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 35, 723ā741.
Golub, T. R., Barker, G. F., Bohlander, S. K., et al. (1995) Fusion of the TEL gene on 12p13 to the AML1 gene on 21q22 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 4917ā4921.
Cave, H., Cacheux, V., Raynaud, S., et al. (1997) ETV6 is the target of chromosome 12p deletions in t(12;21) childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 11, 1459ā1464.
Poirel, H., Lacronique, V., Mauchauffe, M., et al. (1998) Analysis of TEL proteins in human leukemias. Oncogene 16, 2895ā2903.
Nordgren, A., Heyman, M., Sahlen, S., et al. (2002) Spectral karyotyping and interphase FISH reveal abnormalities not detected by conventional G-banding. Implications for treatment stratification of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: detailed analysis of 70 cases. Eur. J. Haematol. 68, 31ā41.
Harrison, C. J., Gibbons, B., Yang, F., et al. (2000) Multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization and cross species color banding of a case of chronic myeloid leukemia in blastic crisis with a complex Philadelphia translocation. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 116, 105ā110.
Lilleyman, J. S. (1998). Clinical importance of speed of response to therapy in childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leuk. Lymphoma 31, 501ā506.
Szczepanski, T., Orfao, A., van der Velden, V. H., San Miguel, J. F., and van Dongen, J. J. (2001). Minimal residual disease in leukaemia patients. Lancet Oncol. 2, 409ā417.
Pallisgaard, N., Clausen, N., Schroder, H., and Hokland, P. (1999). Rapid and sensitive minimal residual disease detection in acute leukemia by quantitative real-time RT-PCR exemplified by t(12;21) TEL-AML1 fusion transcript. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 26, 355ā365.
van Dongen, J. J., Macintyre, E. A., Gabert, J. A., et al. (1999). Standardized RT-PCR analysis of fusion gene transcripts from chromosome aberrations in acute leukemia for detection of minimal residual disease. Report of the BIOMED-1 Concerted Action: investigation of minimal residual disease in acute leukemia. Leukemia 13, 1901ā1928.
Young, B. D. and Saha, V. (1996). Chromosome abnormalities in leukaemia: the 11q23 paradigm. Cancer Surv. 28, 225ā245.
Goulden, N., Oakhill, A., and Steward, C. (2001) Practical application of minimal residual disease assessment in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia annotation. Br. J. Haematol. 112, 275ā281.
Szczepanski, T., Willemse, M. J., Brinkhof, B., van Wering, E. R., van der Burg, M., and van Dongen, J. J. (2002) Comparative analysis of Ig and TCR gene rearrangements at diagnosis and at relapse of childhood precursor-B-ALL provides improved strategies for selection of stable PCR targets for monitoring of minimal residual disease. Blood 99, 2315ā2323.
van Dongen, J. J., Seriu, T., Panzer-Grumayer, E. R., et al. (1998). Prognostic value of minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood. Lancet 352, 1731ā1738.
Panzer-Grumayer, E. R., Schneider, M., Panzer, S., Fasching, K., and Gadner, H. (2000) Rapid molecular response during early induction chemotherapy predicts a good outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 95, 790ā794.
Bader, P., Hancock, J., Kreyenberg, H., et al. (2002) Minimal residual disease (MRD) status prior to allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a powerful predictor for post-transplant outcome in children with ALL. Leukemia 16, 1668ā1672.
Knechtli, C. J., Goulden, N. J., Hancock, J. P., et al. (1998) Minimal residual disease status before allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is an important determinant of successful outcome for children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 92, 4072ā1079.
Ginzinger, D. G. (2002) Gene quantification using real-time quantitative PCR: an emerging technology hits the mainstream. Exp. Hematol. 30, 503ā512.
Rutherford, A. (2001) Leukemia cells fall on their swords. Trends Mol. Med. 7, 149.
Druker, B. J., Sawyers, C. L., Kantarjian, H., et al. (2001) Activity of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in the blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the Philadelphia chromosome. N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 1038ā1042.
Kantarjian, H., Sawyers, C., Hochhaus, A., et al. (2002) Hematologic and cytogenetic responses to imatinib mesylate in chronic myelogenous leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 346, 645ā652.
Golub, T. R., Slonim, D. K., Tamayo, P., et al. (1999) Molecular classification of cancer: class discovery and class prediction by gene expression monitoring. Science 286, 531ā537.
Yeoh, E. J., Ross, M. E., Shurtleff, S. A., et al. (2002) Classification, subtype discovery, and prediction of outcome in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia by gene expression profiling. Cancer Cell 1, 133ā143.
Ferrando, A. A., Neuberg, D. S., Staunton, J., et al. (2002) Gene expression signatures define novel oncogenic pathways in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Cell 1, 75ā87.
Velculescu, V. E., Vogelstein, B. & Kinzler, K. W. (2000) Analysing uncharted transcriptomes with SAGE. Trends Genet. 16, 423ā425.
Lennard, L., Welch, J. C., and Lilleyman, J. S. (1997) Thiopurine drugs in the treatment of childhood leukaemia: the influence of inherited thiopurine methyltransferase activity on drug metabolism and cytotoxicity. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 44, 455ā461.
McLeod, H. L., Krynetski, E. Y., Relling, M. V., and Evans, W. E. (2000) Genetic polymorphism of thiopurine methyltransferase and its clinical relevance for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 14, 567ā572.
Relling, M. V., Yanishevski, Y., Nemec, J., et al. (1998) Etoposide and antimetabolite pharmacology in patients who develop secondary acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 12, 346ā352.
Relling, M. V., Rubnitz, J. E., Rivera, G. K., et al. (1999) High incidence of secondary brain tumours after radiotherapy and antimetabolites. Lancet 354, 34ā39.
Stanulla, M., Schrappe, M., Brechlin, A. M., Zimmermann, M., and Welte, K. (2000) Polymorphisms within glutathione S-transferase genes (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1) and risk of relapse in childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a case-control study. Blood 95, 1222ā1228.
Ulrich, C. M., Yasui, Y., Storb, R., et al. (2001) Pharmacogenetics of methotrexate: toxicity among marrow transplantation patients varies with the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism. Blood 98, 231ā234.
Venkatakrishnan, K., von Moltke, L. L., and Greenblatt, D. J. (2000) Effects of the antifungal agents on oxidative drug metabolism: clinical relevance. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 38, 111ā180.
Wall, D. B., Kachman, M. T., Gong, S. S., Parus, S. J., Long, M. W., and Lubman, D. M. (2001) Isoelectric focusing nonporous silica reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry: a three-dimensional liquid-phase protein separation method as applied to the human erythroleukemia cell-line. Rapid. Commun. Mass Spectrom. 15, 1649ā1661.
Wright, G. L., Jr. (2002) SELDI proteinchip MS: a platform for biomarker discovery and cancer diagnosis. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 2, 549ā563.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
Ā© 2004 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
van Delft, F.W., Saha, V. (2004). Molecular Techniques to Improve Outcome in Childhood ALL. In: Goulden, N.J., Steward, C.G. (eds) Pediatric Hematology. Methods in Molecular Medicineā¢, vol 91. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-433-6:111
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-433-6:111
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-043-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-433-7
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols