Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Assessment of Functional Antibody Responses

  • Protocol
Vaccine Protocols

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Medicine™ ((MIMM,volume 87))

  • 1145 Accesses

Abstract

For more than a century, humoral immunity has been recognized as the principal mechanism of defense against most bacterial infections. To evaluate the immunogenicity of vaccines, a variety of assays may be employed, although it is essential that the assay of choice should be a good surrogate for clinical protection. Both radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) accurately measure antibody levels to capsular polysaccharide and other antigens, for example, but these assays do not measure functional antibodies, and although useful, care is needed to ascertain that there are strong correlations with an appropriate functional assay. Problems may be encountered with antigen purity (1), which may be overcome with the use of highly purified antigens or adsorbing out crossreactive determinants, or low-avidity antibodies overcome by the use of chaotrophs (2).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Sikkema, D. J., Friedman, K. E., Corsaro, B., Kimura, A., Hildreth, S. W., Madore, D. V., et al. (2000) Relationship between serum bactericidal activity and serogroup-specific immunoglobulin G concentration for adults, toddlers, and infants immunized with Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C vaccines. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 7, 764–768.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Granoff, D. M., Maslanka, S. E., Carlone, G. M., Plikaytis, B. D., Santos, G. F., Mokatrin, A., et al. (1998) A modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of antibody responses to meningococcal C polysaccharide that correlate with bactericidal responses. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 5, 479–485.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Borrow, R., Andrews, N., Goldblatt, D., and Miller, E. (2001) Serological basis for use of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccines in the United Kingdom: a re-evaluation of correlates of protection. Infect. Immun. 69, 1568–1573.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Enders-Ruckle, G. (1965) Methods of determining immunity, duration and character of immunity resulting from measles. Arch. Virusforsch 16, 182–207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Albrecht, P., Herrmann, K., and Burns, G. R. (1981) Role of virus strain in conventional and enhanced measles plaque neutralization test. J. Virol. Methods 3, 251–260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Gotschlich, E. C., Goldschneider, I., and Artenstein M. S. (1969) Human immunity to the meningococcus IV. Immunogenicity of serogroup A and serogroup C polysaccharides in human volunteers. J. Exp. Med. 129, 1367–1384.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Goldschneider, I., Gotschlich, E. C., and Artenstein, M. S. (1969) Human immunity to the meningococcus II. Development of natural immunity. J. Exp. Med. 129, 1327–1348.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Goldschneider, I., Gotschlich, E. C., and Artenstein, M. S. (1969) Human immunity to the meningococcus. I. The role of humoral antibodies. J. Exp. Med. 129, 1307–1326.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. World Health Organization (1976) Requirements for meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine. World Health Organization technical report series, no. 594. World Health Organization, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Maslanka, S. E., Gheesling, L. L., LiButti, D. E., Donaldson, K. B. J., Harakeh, H. S., Dykes, J. K., et al. (1997) Standardization and a multilaboratory comparison of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A and C serum bactericidal assays. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 4, 156–167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Borrow, R. and Carlone, G. M. (2001) Serogroup B and C serum bactericidal assays. In: Meningococcal Vaccines. Methods in Molecular Medicine, (Pollard, A. J. and Maiden, M. C. J., eds.). 2001. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp. 289–304.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  12. Miller, E., Salisbury, D., and Ramsay, M. (2002) Planning, registration, and implementation of an immunisation campaign against meningococcal serogroup C disease in the UK: a success story. Vaccine 20, S58–S67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Andrews, N., Borrow, R., and Miller, E. Validation of serological correlate of protection for meningococcal C conjugate vaccine using efficacy estimates from post-licensure surveillance in England. Submitted to Clin. Diag. Lab. Immunol.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Musher, D., Chapman, A. J., Goree, A., Jonsson, S., Briles, D. E., and Baughn, R. E. (1986) Natural and vaccine-related immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Infect. Dis. 154, 245–256.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Vioarsson, G., Jonsdottir, I., Jonsson, S., and Validmarsson, H. (1994) Opsonisation and antibodies to capsular and cell wall polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Infect. Dis. 170, 592–599.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. De Velasco, A. E., Verheul, A. F. M., Van Steijn, A. M. P., Dekker, H. A. T., Feldman, R. G., Fernandez, I. M., et al. (1994) Epitope specificity of rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) elicited by pneumococcal type 23F synthetic oligosaccharide and native polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines: comparison with human anti-polysaccharide 23F IgG. Infect. Immun. 62, 799–808.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Esposito, A. L., Clark, C. A., and Poirier, W. J. (1990) An assessment of the factors contributing to the killing of type 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro. APMIS 98, 111–121.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Guckian, J. C., Christensen, G. D., and Fine, D. P. (1980) Role of opsonins in recovery from experimental pneumococcal pneumonia. J. Infect. Dis. 142, 175–190.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kaniuk, A., Lortan, J. E., and Monteil, M. A. (1992) Specific IgG subclass antibody levels and phagocytosis of serotype 14 pneumococcus following immunization. Scand. J. Immunol. 36 (Suppl. 11), 96–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Lortan, J. E., Kaniuk, A. S., and Monteil, M. A. (1993) Relationship of an in vitro phagocytosis of serotype 14 Streptococcus pneumoniae to specific class and IgG subclass antibody levels in healthy adults. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 91, 54–57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Obaro, S. K., Henderson, D. C., and Monteil, M. A. (1996) Defective antibody-mediated opsonisation of S. pneumoniae in high risk patients detected by flow cytometry. Immunol. Lett. 49, 83–89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Sveum, R. J., Chused, T. M., Frank, M. M. and Brown, E. J. (1986) A quantitative fluorescent method for measurement of bacterial adherence and phagocytosis. J. Immunol. Methods 90, 257–264.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Wilkelstein, J. A., Smith, M. R., and Shin, H. S. (1975) The role of C3 as an opsonin in the early stages of infection. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 149, 397–401.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Romero-Steiner, S., Libutti, D., Pais, L. B., Dykes, J., Anderson, P., Whitin, J. C., et al. (1997) Standardization of an opsonophagocytic assay for the measurement of functional antibody activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae using differentiated HL-60 cells. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 4, 415–422.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Nahm, M. H., Briles, D. E., and Yu, X. (2000) Development of a multi-specificity opsonophagocytic killing assay. Vaccine 18, 2768–2771.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Martinez, J. E., Romero-Steiner, S., Pilishvili, T., Barnard, S., Schinsky, J., Goldblatt, D., et al. (1999) A flow cytometric opsonophagocytic assay for measurement of functional antibodies elicited after vaccination with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 6, 581–586.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Kim, J. O., Romero-Steiner, S., Sorensen, U. B. S., Blom, J., Carvalho, M., Barnard, S., et al. (1999) Relationship between cell surface carbohydrates and intrastrain variation on opsonophagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 67, 2327–2333.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Koskela, M. (1987) Serum antibodies to pneumococcal C polysaccharide in children: response to acute pneumococcal otitis media or to vaccination. Pediatr. Infect. Dis J. 6, 519–526.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Quataert, S. A., Kirsch, C., Wiedl, L. J., Phipps, D. C., Strohmeyer, S., Cimino, C.O., et al. (1995) Assignment of weight based antibody units to human pneumococcal standard reference serum. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 2, 590–597.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Siber, G. R., Priehs, C., and Madore, D. (1989) Standardization of antibody assays for measuring the response to pneumococcal infection and immunization. Pediatr. Res. 8, S84–S91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Phipps, D. C., Strohmeyer, S., Quataert, S. A., Siber, G., and Madore, D. V. (1990) Standardization of ELISA for the quantitation of antibodies to S. pneumoniae capsular polysac-charides (PnPs). Pediatr. Res. 27, 179A.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Wenger, J. D., Steiner, S. R., Pais, L. B., Butler, J. C., Perkins, B., Carlone, G. M., et al. (1996) Laboratory correlates for protective efficacy of pneumococcal vaccines: how can they be identified and validated? Abstr. G37, p150, in Program and abstracts of the 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Vernacchio, L., Romero-Steiner, S., Martinez, J. E., MacDonald, K., Barnard, S., Pilishvili, T., et al. (2000) Comparison of an opsonophagocytic assay and IgG ELISA to assess responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in children and young adults with sickle cell disease. J. Infect. Dis. 181, 1162–1166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Concepcion, N. F. and Frasch, C. E. (2001) Pneumooccal type 23F absorption improves the specificity of a pneumococcal-polysaccharide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 8, 266–272.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Shinefield, H.R., Black, S., Ray, P., Chang, I.H., Lewis, N., Fireman, B., et al. (1999) Safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal CRM197 conjugate vaccine in infants and toddlers. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 18, 757–763.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Black, S. B., Shinefield, H. R., Hansen, J., Elvin, L., Lauffer, D., and Malinoski, F. (2001) Post licensure evaluation of the effectiveness of seven valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 20, 1105–1107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Martinez, J., Pilishvili, T., Barnard, S., Caba, J., Spear, W., Romero-Steiner, S., et al. (2002) Opsonophagocytosis of fluorescent polystyrene beads coupled to Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A, C, Y, or W135 polysaccharide correlates with serum bactericidal activity. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 9, 485–488.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Holder, P. K., Maslanka, S. E., Pais, L. B., Dykes, J., Plikaytis, B. D., and Carlone, G. M. (1995) Assignment of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A and C class-specific anticapsular antibody concentrations to the new standard reference serum CDC 1992. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 2, 132–137.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Vaccine Evaluation Department Manchester Medical Microbiology Partnership, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Clinical Sciences Building, Manchester, UK

    Ray Borrow & Paul Balmer

Authors
  1. Ray Borrow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Paul Balmer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Health Protection Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK

    Andrew Robinson  & Michael J. Hudson  & 

  2. Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, London, UK

    Martin P. Cranage

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Borrow, R., Balmer, P. (2003). Assessment of Functional Antibody Responses. In: Robinson, A., Hudson, M.J., Cranage, M.P. (eds) Vaccine Protocols. Methods in Molecular Medicine™, vol 87. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-399-2:289

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-399-2:289

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-140-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-399-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation