Skip to main content

Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends

  • Protocol
Generation of cDNA Libraries

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology™ ((MIMB,volume 221))

Abstract

Rapid amplification of complementary DNA (cDNA) ends (RACE) is a powerful technique for obtaining the ends of cDNAs when only partial sequences are available. In essence, an adaptor with a defined sequence is attached to one end of the cDNA; then, the region between the adaptor and the known sequences is amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Since the initial publication in 1988 (1), RACE has greatly facilitated the cloning of new genes. Currently, RACE remains the most effective method of cloning cDNAs ends. It is especially useful in the studies of temporal and spatial regulation of transcription initiation and differential splicing of mRNA. The methods described in this chapter are quite simple and efficient. A linker at the 3′ end and an adaptor at the 5′ end are added to the first strand of cDNA during reverse transcription; amplification of virtually any transcript to either end can then make use of this same pool of cDNAs. In addition to being simple, the efficiency of 5′-RACE is dramatically increased because the adaptor is added only to full-length cDNAs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Frohman, M. A., Dush, M. K., and Martin, G. R. (1988) Rapid production of full-length cDNAs from rare transcripts: amplification using a single gene-specific oligonucleotide primer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85(23), 8998–9002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Zhang, Y. and Frohman, M. A. (1997) Using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) to obtain full-length cDNAs, in Methods in Molecular Biology (Cowell, I. G. and Austin, C. A., eds.), Vol. 69, pp. 61–87. Humana, Totowa, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Schramm, G., Bruchhaus, I., and Roeder, T. (2000) A simple and reliable 5′-RACE approach. Nucleic Acids Res. 28(22), E96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Clontech Laboratories. (1996) CapFinder™ PCR cDNA Library Construction Kit. Clontechniques 11, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Schmidt, W. M. and Mueller, M. W. (1999) CapSelect: a highly sensitive method for 5′ CAP-dependent enrichment of full-length cDNA in PCR-mediated analysis of mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 27(21), e31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., and Maniatis, T. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Sarkar, G., Kapelner, S., and Sommer, S. S. (1990) Formamide can dramatically improve the specificity of PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 18(24), 7465.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Don, R. H., Cox, P. T., Wainwright, B. J., Baker, K., and Mattick, J. S. (1991). “Touchdown” PCR to circumvent spurious priming during gene amplification. Nucleic Acids Res. 19(14), 4008.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Mead, D. A., Pey, N. K., Herrnstadt, C., Marcil, R. A., and Smith, L. M. (1991) A universal method for the direct cloning of PCR amplified nucleic acid. Bio/Technology 9(7), 657–663.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Stoker, A. W. (1990) Cloning of PCR products after defined cohesive termini are created with T4 DNA polymerase. Nucleic Acids Res. 18(14), 4290.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Iwahana, H., Mizusawa, N., Ii, S., Yoshimoto, K., and Itakura, M. (1994) An end-trimming method to amplify adjacent cDNA fragments by PCR. Biotechniques 16(1), 94–98.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Thweatt, R., Goldstein, S., and Shmookler Reis, R. J. (1990) A universal primer mixture for sequence determination at the 3′ ends of cDNAs. Anal. Biochem. 190(2), 314–316.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Eckert, K. A. and Kunkel, T. A. (1990) High fidelity DNA synthesis by the Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase. Nucleic Acids Res. 18(13), 3739–3744.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Zhang, Y. (2003). Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends. In: Ying, SY. (eds) Generation of cDNA Libraries. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 221. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-359-3:13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-359-3:13

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-066-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-359-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics