Skip to main content

Elucidation of Signal Transduction Pathways by Transfection of Cells with Modified Oncogenes

  • Protocol
Cancer Cell Signaling

Abstract

This chapter will focus on introduction of various wild type (WT) and mutant genes into cells by DNA transfection. Techniques for analysis of the inheritance, expression, and biological effects of the introduced genes will be described. Various strong and weak points about three different techniques of stable gene transfer, including calcium-phosphate DNA precipitation, transfection via liposomes, and transfection via electroporation, will be discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Blalock, W. L., Weinstein-Oppenheimer, C., Chang, F., Hoyle, P. E., Wang, X. Y., Algate, P. A., et al. (1999) Signal transduction, cell cycle regulatory, and antiapoptotic pathways regulated by IL-3 in hematopoietic cells: possible sites for intervention with anti-neoplastic drugs. Leukemia 13, 1109–1166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. McCubrey, J. A., May, W. S., Duronio, V., and Mufson, A. (2000) Serine/threonine phosphorylation in cytokine signal transduction. Leukemia 14, 9–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Wang, X. Y., Steelman, L. S., and McCubrey, J. A. (1997) Abnormal activation of cytokine gene expression by intracisternal type A particle transposition: effects of mutations which result in autocrine growth factor stimulation and malignant transformation. Cytokines Cell Mol. Ther. 3, 3–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. White, M. K. and McCubrey, J. A. (2001) Suppression of apoptosis: role in cell growth and neoplasia. Leukemia 15, 1011–1121.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Lee, J. T. Jr. and McCubrey J. A. (2002) The Raf/MEK/ERK signal transduction cascade as a target for chemotherapeutic intervention in leukemia. Leukemia 16, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Weinstein-Oppenheimer, C. R., Blalock, W. L, Steelman, L. S., Chang, F., and McCubrey, J. A. (2000) Raf signal transduction cascade as a target for chemotherapeutic intervention in growth factor-dependent tumors Pharmacol. Ther. 88, 229–279.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. McCubrey, J. A., Lee, J. T., Steelman, L. S., Blalock, W. L., Moye, P. W., Chang, F., et al. (2001) Interactions between the PI3K and Raf signaling pathways can result in the transformation of hematopoietic cells. Cancer Detect. Prev. 25, 375–393.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. McCubrey, J. A., Smith, S. R., Algate, P. A., DeVente, J. E., White, M. K., and Steelman, L. S. (1993) Retroviral infection can abrogate the factor-dependency of hematopoietic cells by autocrine and non-autocrine mechanisms depending on the presence of a functional viral oncogene. Oncogene 8, 2905–2915.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. McCubrey, J., Steelman, L. S., Wang, X.-Y., Davidian, E. W., Hoyle, P. E., White, C., et al. (1995) Autocrine growth factor secretion after transformation of human cytokine-dependent cells by viral and cellular oncogenes. Int. J. Oncol. 7, 573–586.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Hoyle, P. E., Moye, P. W., Steelman, L. S., Blalock, W. L., Franklin, R. A., Pearce, M., et al. (2000) Differential abilities of the Raf family of protein kinases to abrogate cytokine-dependency and prevent apoptosis in murine hematopoietic cells by a MEK1-dependent mechanism. Leukemia 14, 642–656.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Moye, P. W., Blalock, W. L., Hoyle, P. E., Chang, F., Franklin, R. A., Weinstein-Oppenheimer, C., et al. (2000) Synergy between Raf and BCL2 in abrogating the cytokine dependency of hematopoietic cells. Leukemia 14, 1060–1079.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Blalock, W. L., Moye, P. W., Chang, F., Pearce, M., Steelman, L. S., McMahon, M., and McCubrey, J. A. (2000) Combined effects of aberrant MEK1 activity and BCL2 overexpression on relieving the cytokine-dependency of human and murine hematopoietic cells. Leukemia 14, 1080–1096.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Blalock, W. L., Moye, P. W., Steelman, L. S., Franklin, R. A., McCarthy, S. A., Cherwinski, H., et al. (2000) A conditionally-active form of MEK1 results in autocrine transformation of human and mouse hematopoietic cells. Oncogene 19, 526–536.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Blalock, W. L., Moye, P. W., Chang, F., Lee, J. T., Pohnert, S. C., Burrows, C., et al. (2001) Effects of inducible MEK1 activation on the cytokine dependency of lymphoid cells. Leukemia 15, 794–807.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Mayo, M., Wang, X.-Y., Algate, P. A., Arana, G. F., Hoyle, P. E., Steelman, L. S., and McCubrey, J. A. (1995) Synergy between AUUUA motif disruption and enhancer insertion result in autocrine transformation of interleukin-3 dependent hematopoietic cells. Blood 86, 3139–3150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Wang, X. Y. and McCubrey, J. A. (1996) Malignant transformation induced by cytokine genes: a comparison of the abilities of germline and mutated interleukin 3 genes to transform hematopoietic cells by transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. Cell Growth Differ. 7, 487–500.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Wang, X. Y. and McCubrey, J. A. (1997) Differential effects of retroviral long terminal repeats on interleukin-3 gene expression and autocrine transformation. Leukemia 11, 1711–1725.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. McCubrey, J. A., Steelman, L. S., Wang, X.-Y., Algate, P. A., Hoyle, P. E., White, C., et al. (1995) Differential effects of viral and cellular oncogenes on the growth factor-dependency of hematopoietic cells. Int. J. Oncol. 7, 295–310.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. McCubrey, J. A., Steelman, L. S., Hoyle, P. E., Blalock, W. L., Weinstein-Oppenheimer, C., Franklin, R. A., et al. (1998) Differential abilities of activated Raf onco-proteins to abrogate cytokine-dependency, prevent apoptosis and induce autocrine growth factor synthesis in human hematopoietic cells. Leukemia 12, 1903–1929.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Weinstein-Oppenheimer, C., Steelman, L. S., Algate, P. A., Blalock, W. L., Burrows, C., Hoyle, P. E., et al. (2000) Effects of deregulated Raf activation on integrin, cytokine-receptor expression and the induction of apoptosis in hematopoietic cells. Leukemia 14, 1921–1938.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. McCubrey, J. A., Blalock, W. L., Chang, F., Steelman, L. S., Pohnert, S. C., Navolanic, P. M., et al. (2001) Signal transduction pathways: cytokine model. In: Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Cancer, Molecular Biology Intelligence Unit 15, (Blagosklonny, M. V., ed.), Landes Bioscience, Austin, TX, pp. 17–51.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Hoyle, P. E., Steelman, L. S., and McCubrey, J. A. (1997) Autocrine transformation of human hematopoietic cells after transfection with an activated granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor gene. Cytokines Cell Mol. Ther. 3, 159–168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. McCubrey, J., McKearn, J. P., and Kohler, G. (1985) Transformation of B and non-B cell lines with the 2,4,6,-trinitrophenyl (TNP)-specific immunoglobulin genes. Eur. J. Immunol. 15, 1117–1124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Dembic, Z., Haas, W., Weiss, S., McCubrey, J., Kiefer, H., von Boehmer, H., and Steinmetz, M. (1986) Transfer of specificity by murine alpha and beta T-cell receptor genes. Nature 320, 232–238.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Weinstein-Oppenheimer, C. R., Henriquez-Roldan, C. F., Davis, J. M., Navolanic, P. M., Saleh, O. A., Steelman, L. S., et al. (2001) Role of the Raf signal transduction cascade in the in vitro resistance to the anticancer drug doxorubicin. Clin. Cancer Res. 7, 2898–2907.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Weinstein-Oppenheimer, C. R., Burrows, C., Steelman, L. S., and McCubrey, J. A. (2002) The effects of β-estradiol on Raf activity, cell cycle progression and growth factor synthesis in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Cancer Biol. Ther. 1, 254–260.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Davis, J. M., Weinstein-Oppenheimer, C. R., Steelman, L. S., Navolanic, P. M., Hu, W., Konopleva, M., et al. (2003) Raf-1 and Bcl-2 induce distinct and common pathways which contribute to breast cancer drug resistance. Clin. Cancer Res., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  28. McCubrey, J. A., Holland, G., McKearn, J., and Risser, R. (1989) Abrogation of growth factor dependency in 2 IL-3 dependent cell lines occurs by 2 distinct mechanisms. Oncogene Res. 4, 97–109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. McCubrey, J. A., Steelman, L. S., Mayo, M. W., Algate, P. A., Dellow, R. A., and Kaleko, M. (1991) Growth promoting effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 on hematopoietic cells: overexpression of introduced IGF-1 receptor abrogates IL-3-dependency of murine factor dependent cells by a ligand-dependent mechanism. Blood 78, 921–929.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Weiss, R., Teich, N., Varmus, H., and Coffin, J. (1984) RNA tumor viruses. Cold Spring Harbor Press. 2nd Edition.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Miller, A. D. and Rosman, G. J. (1989) Improved retroviral vectors for gene transfer and expression. Biotechniques 7, 980–990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Mulligan, R. C. and Berg, P. (1981) Selection for animal cells that express the Escherichia coli gene encoding for xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 2072–2076.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kohler, G. and Milstein, C. (1975) Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature 7, 495–497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. McCubrey, J. (1985) DNA-mediated transformation of lymphoid cells. In: Immunological Methods. Vol. III, Orlando, FL, Academic, pp. 21–29.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Steelman, L.S. et al. (2003). Elucidation of Signal Transduction Pathways by Transfection of Cells with Modified Oncogenes. In: Terrian, D.M. (eds) Cancer Cell Signaling. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 218. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-356-9:203

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-356-9:203

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-075-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-356-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics