Abstract
Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting ones, is one of the essential phenotypes of tumor formation and is also important in a number of normal physiological processes including growth and development (1), wound healing (2), and reproduction (3-5). An inadequate amount of angiogenesis contributes to ulcer formation (6), and excessive angiogenesis contributes to the pathology of a number of conditions including arthritis, psoriasis, and solid tumors. In a series of now classic experiments, Folkman and colleagues demonstrated that solid tumors could not grow any larger than 2 to 3 mm in diameter without being able to induce their own blood supply (7). Whether or not angiogenesis occurs in a particular tissue depends on the balance between the relative amounts of molecules that induce and molecules that inhibit angiogenesis (8). In normal tissues, blood vessels are usually quiescent and cells usually secrete low levels of inducers and high levels of inhibitors.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Flamme, I., Frolich, T., and Risau, W. (1997) Molecular mechanisms of vasculogenesis and embryonic-angiogenesis. J. Cell Physiol. 173, 206ā210.
Arnold, F. and West, D. C. (1991) Angiogenesis in wound healing. Pharmacol. Ther. 52, 407ā422.
Welsh, A. O. and Enders, A. C. (1991) Chorioallantoic placenta formation in the rat: Angiogenesis and maternal blood circulation in the mesometrial region of the implantation chamber prior to placenta formation. Am. J. Anat. 192, 347ā365.
Torry, R. J. and Rongish, B. J. (1992) Angiogenesis in the uterus: potential regulation and relation to tumor angiogenesis. Am. J. Reprod. Immun. 27, 171ā179.
Rogers, P. A., Abberton, K. M., and Susil, B. (1991) Endothelial cell migratory signal produced by human endometrium during the menstrual cycle. Hum. Reprod. 7, 1061ā1066.
Folkman, J., Szabo, S., Stovroff, M., McNeil, P., Li, W., and Shing, Y. (1991) Duodenal ulcer: discovery of a new mechanism and development of angiogenic therapy that accelerate healing. Ann. Surg. 214, 414ā425.
Folkman J. (1995) Tumor angiogenesis, in The Molecular Basis of Cancer (Mendelsohn, J., Howley, P. M., Israel, M. A., and Liotta, L. A., eds.), W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 206ā232.
Bouck, N., Stellmach, V., and Hsu, H. (1995) How tumors become angiogenic. Adv. Cancer Res. 69, 35ā174.
Risau, W. (1990) Angiogenic growth factors. Prog. Growth Factor Res. 2, 71ā79.
Risau, W. (1997) Mechanisms of angiogenesis. Nature 386, 671ā674.
Folkman, J. and Ingber, D. E. (1987) Angiostatic steroids: Method of discovery and mechanism of action. Ann. Surg. 206, 374ā383.
Folkman, J. and Klagsburn, M. (1987) Angiogenic factors. Science 235, 442ā447.
Pepper, M. S., Vassalli, J. D., Montesano, R., and Orci, L. (1987) Urokinase-type plasminogen activator is induced in migrating capillary endothelial cells. J. Cell. Biol. 105, 2535ā2541.
Pepper, M. S., Spray, D. C., Chanson, M., Montesano, R., Orci, L., and Meda, P. (1989) Junctional communication is induced in migrating capillary endothelial cells. J. Cell. Biol. 109, 3027ā3038.
Pepper, M. S., Belin, D., Montesano, R., Orci, L., and Vassalli, J. D. (1990) Transforming growth factor beta 1 modulates basic fibroblast growth factor-induced proteolytic and angiogenic properties of endothelial cells in vitro. J. Cell. Biol. 111, 743ā755.
Maciag, T., Kadish, J., Wilkins, L., Stemerman, M. B., and Weinstein, R. (1982) Organizational behavior of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J. Cell Biol. 94, 511ā520.
Madri, J. A. and Pratt, B. M. (1986) Endothelial cell-matrix interactions: in vitro models of angiogenesis. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 34, 85ā91.
Nicosia, R. F. and Ottinetti, A. (1990) Growth of microvessels in serum-free matrix culture of rat aorta: a quantitative assay of angiogenesis in vitro. Lab. Invest. 63, 115ā122.
Zetter, B. R. (1987) Assay of capillary endothelial cell migration. Meth. Enzym. 147, 135ā144.
Rupnick, M. A., Stokes, C. L., Williams, S. K., and Lauffenburger, D. A. (1988) Quantitative analysis of random motility of human microvessel endothelial cells using a liner under agarose assay. Lab. Invest. 59, 363ā372.
Obeso, J. L. and Auerbach, R. (1984) A new microtechnique for quantitating cell movement in vitro using polystyrene bead monolayers. J. Immunol. Meth. 70, 141ā152.
Furcht, L. T. (1996) Critical factors controlling angiogenesis: cell products, cell matrix, and growth factors. Lab. Invest. 55, 505ā509.
Falk, W., Goodwin, R. H. Jr., and Leonard, E. J. (1980) A 48-well microchemotaxis assay for rapid and accurate measurement of leukocyte migration. J. Immunol. Meth. 33, 239ā247.
Harvath, L., Falk, W., and Leonard, E. J. (1980) Rapid quantification of neutrophil chemotaxis: use of polyvinylpyrrolidone-free polycarbonate membrane in a multiwell assembly. J. Immunol. Meth. 37, 39ā45.
Rastinejad, F., Polverini, P. J., and Bouck, N. P. (1989) Regulation of the activity of a new inhibitor of angiogenesis by a cancer suppressor gene. Cell 56, 345ā355.
Dawson, D. W., Volpert, O. V., Gillis, P., Crawford, S. E., Xu, H., Benedict, W., and Bouck, N. P. (1999) Pigment epithelium-derived factor: a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Science 285, 245ā248.
Koch, A. E., Polverini, P. J., Kunkel, S. L., Harlow, L. A., DiPietro, L. A., Elner, V. M., Elner, S. G., and Strieter R. M. (1992) Interleukin-8 as a macrophage-derived mediator of angiogenesis. Science 258, 1798ā1801.
Tolsma, S. S., Volpert, O. V., Good, D. J., Frazier, W. A., Polverini, P. J., and Bouck, N. (1993) Peptides derived from two separate domains of the matrix protein thrombospondin-1 have anti-angiogenic activity. J. Cell Biol. 122, 497ā511.
Dawson, D. W., Volpert, O. V., Pearce, S. F., Schneider, A. J., Silverstein, R. L., Henkin, J., and Bouck, N. P. (1999) Three distinct D-amino acid substitutions confer potent antiangiogenic activity on an inactive peptide derived from a thrombospondin-1 type 1 repeat. Mol. Pharmacol. 55, 332ā338.
Nissen, N. N., Polverini, P. J., Koch, A. E., Volin, M. V., Gamelli, R. L., and DiPietro, L. A. (1998) Vascular endothelial growth factor mediates angiogenic activity during the proliferative phase of wound healing. Am. J. Pathol. 152, 1445ā1452.
Nissen, N. N., Polverini, P. J., Gamelli, R. L., and DiPietro, L. A. (1996) Basic fibroblast growth factor mediates angiogenic activity in early surgical wounds. Surgery 119, 457ā465.
Lingen, M. W., Polverini, P. J., and Bouck, N. P. (1996) Retinoic acid induces cells cultured from oral squamous cell carcinomas to become anti-angiogenic. Am. J. Pathol. 149, 247ā258.
Lingen, M. W., DiPietro, L. P., Solt, D. B., Bouck, N. P., and Polverini, P. J. (1997) The angiogenic switch in hamster buccal pouch keratinocytes is dependent on TFGĪ²-1 and is unaffected by ras activation. Carcinogenesis 18, 329ā338.
Lingen, M. W., Polverini, P. J., and Bouck, N. P. (1998) Retinoic acid and interferon alpha act synergistically as antiangiogenic and antitumor agents against human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 58, 5551ā5558.
Dvorak, H. F., Nagy, J. A., Dvorak, J. T., and Dvorak, A. M. (1994) Identification and characterization of the blood vessels of solid tumors that are leaky to circulating macromolecules. Am. J. Pathol. 145, 510ā514.
Liss, C., Fekete, M. J., Hasina, R., Lam, C. D., and Lingen, M. W. (2001) Characterization of a paracrine loop for the expression of the angiogenic phenotype in head and neck cancer. Int. J. Cancer 93, 781ā785.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
Ā© 2003 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Lingen, M.W. (2003). Endothelial Cell Migration Assay. In: DiPietro, L.A., Burns, A.L. (eds) Wound Healing. Methods in Molecular Medicineā¢, vol 78. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-332-1:337
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-332-1:337
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-999-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-332-3
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols