Skip to main content

Circular Permutation of the Green Fluorescent Protein

  • Protocol
Book cover Green Fluorescent Protein

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 183))

Abstract

The green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria has become one of the most important markers for studying gene expression and protein targeting in intact cells and organisms (13). GFP represents the first genetically encoded reporter molecule that is detectable in the absence of an enzymatic substrate or cofactor, in a variety of cell types.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Pollok, B. A. and Heim, R. (1999) Using GFP in FRET-based applications. Trends Cell Biol. 9, 57–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Goodwin, P.C. (1999) GFP biofluorescence: imaging gene expression and protein dynamics in living cells. Design considerations for a fluorescence imaging laboratory. Meth. Cell Biol. 58, 343–367.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ikawa, M., Yamada, S., Nakanishi, T., and Okabe, M. (1999) Green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a vital marker in mammals. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 44, 1–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Thornton, J. M. and Sibanda, B. L. (1983) Amino and carboxy-terminal regions in globular proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 167, 443–160.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Heinemann, U. and Hahn, M. (1995) Circular permutation of polypeptide chains: implications for protein folding and stability. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 64, 121–143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Rojas, A., Garcia-Vallve, S., Palau, J., and Romeu, A. (1999) Circular permutations in proteins. Biologia 54, 255–277.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Goldenberg, D. P. and Creighton, T. E. (1983) Circular and circularly permuted forms of bovine pancreativ trypsin inhibitor. J. Mol. Biol. 165, 407–113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Luger, K., Hommel, U., Herold, M., Hofsteenge, J., and Kirschner, K. (1989) Correct folding of circularly permuted variants of a βα barrel enzyme in vivo. Science 243, 206–210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Viguera, A. R., Blanco, F. J., and Serrano, L. (1995) The order of secondary structure elements does not determine the structure of a protein but does affect its folding kinetics. J. Mol. Biol. 247, 670–681.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhang, T., Bertelsen, E., Benvegnu, D., and Alber, T. (1993) Circular permutation of T4 lysozyme. Biochemistry 32, 12,311–12,318.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Wieligmann, K., Norledge, B., Jaenicke, R., and Mayr, E.-M. (1998) Eye lens βB2-crystallin: circular permutation does not influence the oligomerization state but enhances the conformational stability. J. Mol. Biol. 280, 721–729.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Yang, Y. R. and Schachman, H. K. (1993) Aspartate transcarbamoylase containing circularly permuted catalytic polypeptide chains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 11,980–11,984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Graf, R. and Schachman, H. K. (1996) Random circular permutation of genes and expressed polypeptide chains: application of the method to the catalytic chains of aspartate transcarbamoylase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 11,591–11,596.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hennecke, J., Sebbel, P., and Glockshuber, R. (1999) Random circular permutation of DsbA reveals segments that are essential for protein folding and stability. J. Mol. Biol. 286, 1197–1215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Iwakura, M., Nakamura, T., Yamane, C. and Maki, K. (2000) Systematic circular permutation of an entire protein reveals essential folding elements. Nat. Struct. Biol. 7, 580–585.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Cubitt, A. B., Heim, R., Adams, S. R., Boyd, A. E., Gross, L. A., and Tsein, R. Y. (1995) Understanding, improving and using green fluorescent proteins. Trends Biochem. Sci. 30, 448–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Topell, S., Hennecke, J., and Glockshuber, R. (1999) Circularly permuted variants of the green fluorescent protein. FEBS Lett. 457, 283–289.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Baird, G. S., Zacharias, D. A., and Tsien, R. Y. (1999) Circular permutations and receptor insertion within green fluorescent proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 11,241–11,246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Chattoraj, M., King, B. A., Bublitz, G. U., and Boxer, S. G. (1996) Ultra-fast excited state dynamics in green fluorescent protein: multiple states and proton transfer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 8362–8367.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Cormack, B. P., Valdivia, R. H., and Falkow, S. (1996) FACS-optimizedmutants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Gene 173, 33–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Yang, T.-T., Cheng, L., and Kain, S. R. (1996) Optimized codon usage and chromophore mutations provide enhanced sensitivity with the green fluorescent protein. Nucl. Acids Res. 24, 4592–593.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Martinez, J. C., Viguera, A. R., Berisio, R., et al. (1999) Thermodynamic analysis of α-spectrin SH3 and two of its circular permutants with different loop lengths: discerning the reasons for rapid folfing in proteins. Biochemistry 38, 549–559.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Llinas, M. and Marquese, S. (1998) Subdomain interactions as a determinant in the folding and stability of T4 lysozyme. Protein Sci. 7, 96–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Heim, R. and Tsien, R. Y. (1996) Engineering green fluorescent protein for improved brightness, longer wavelengths and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Curr. Biol. 6, 178–182.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Miyawaki, A., Lopis, J., Heim, R., McCaffery, J. M., Adams, J. A., Ikura, M., and Tsien, R. Y. (1997) Fluorescent indicators for Ca2+based on green fluorescent proteins and calmodulin. Nature 388, 882–887.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ward, W. W. (1981) Properties of the coelenterate green-fluorescent proteins, in Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence: Basic Chemistry and Analytical Applications. (De Luca, M. and McElroy, D. W., eds.), Academic, New York, pp. 235–242.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Patterson, G. H., Knobel, S. M., Sharif, W. D., Kain, S. R. and Piston, D. W. (1997) Use of the green fluorescent protein and ist mutants in quantitative fluorescence microscopy. Biophys. J. 73, 2782–2790.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Lund, A. H., Duch, M., and Pedersen, F. S. (1996) Increased cloning efficiency by temperature-cycle ligation. Nucl. Acids Res. 24, 800–801.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Yang, F., Moss, L. G., and Phillips, G. N., Jr. (1996) The molecular structure of green fluorescent protein. Nat. Biotech. 14, 1246–1251.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Koradi, R., Billeter, M., and Wüthrich, K. (1996) (MOLMOL: a program for display and analysis of macromolecular structures. J. Mol. Graph. 14, 51–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Humana Press Inc.

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Topell, S., Glockshuber, R. (2002). Circular Permutation of the Green Fluorescent Protein. In: Hicks, B.W. (eds) Green Fluorescent Protein. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 183. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-280-5:031

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-280-5:031

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-905-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-280-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics