Skip to main content

Coagulation Studies

  • Protocol
Meningococcal Disease

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Medicine™ ((MIMM,volume 67))

Abstract

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a complex acquired, coagulopathy resulting from excessive thrombin formation. Abnormal tissue factor (TF) expression is a major mechanism initiating DIC in many disorders, including obstetric complications, sepsis, cancer, and trauma. Numerous laboratory tests are available to monitor DIC, but most patients can be adequately managed using only routine hemostasis screening tests, and assays for fibrinogen and D-dimers. Treatment of DIC should focus on reversing the underlying disorder that initiated the coagulopathy. Novel treatments are being investigated for the treatment of DIC; many of these experimental modalities target the excessive TF activity that characterizes DIC.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Wuillemin W. (1997) Activation of the contact system in patients with sepsis and with septic. Blood 89(10), 3893.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Pixley R., Cadena R. D. L., Page J., Kaufman N., Wyshock E., Chang A., Taylor F., and Colman R. (1993) The contact system contributes to hypotension but not disseminated intravascular coagulation in lethal bacteremia. J. Clin. Invest. 91, 61–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Broze G. J., Jr. (1995) Tissue factor pathway inhibitor and the revised theory of coagulation. Annu. Rev. Med. 46, 103–112.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Luchtman-Jones L. and Broze G. J. Jr. (1995) The current status of coagulation. Ann. Med. 27(1), 47–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Muller-Berghaus G., ten Cate H., and Levi M. (1999) Disseminated intravascular coagulation: clinical spectrum and established as well as new diagnostic approaches. Thromb. Haemost. 82(2), 706–712.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Wada H., Wakita Y., Nakase T., Shimura M., Hiyoyama K., Nagaya S., Mori Y., and Shiku H. (1995) Outcome of disseminated intravascular coagulation in relation to the score when treatment was begun. Mie DIC Study Group. Thromb. Haemost. 74(3), 848–852.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Brandtzaeg P., Sandset P. M., Joo G. B., Ovstebo R., Abildgaard U., and Kierulf P. (1989) The quantitative association of plasma endotoxin, antithrom-bin, protein C, extrinsic pathway inhibitor and fibrinopeptide A in systemic men-ingococcal disease. Thromb. Res. 55(4), 459–470.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Fourrier F., Lestavel P., Chopin C., Marey A., Goudemand J., Rime A., and Mangalaboyi J. (1990) Meningococcemia and purpura fulminans in adults: acute deficiencies of proteins C and S and early treatment with antithrombin III concentrates. Intensive Care Med. 16(2), 121–124.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Fourrier F., Chopin C., Goudemand J., Hendrycx S., Caron C., Rime A., et al. (1992) Septic shock, multiple organ failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Compared patterns of antithrombin III, protein C, and protein S deficiencies. Chest 101(3), 816–823.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Fourrier F., Chopin C., Huart J., Runge I., Caron C., and Goudemand J. (1993) Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of antithrombin III concentrates in septic shock with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Chest 104, 882–888.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Leclerc F., Hazelzet J. A., Jude B., Hofhuis W., Hue V., Martinot A., and van der Voort E. (1992) Protein C and S deficiency in severe infectious purpura of children: a collaborative study of 40 cases. Intensive Care Med. 18(4), 202–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Powars D. R., Rogers Z. R., Patch M. J., McGehee W. G., and Francis R. B. (1987) Purpura fulminans in meningococcemia: association with acquired deficiencies of protein C and S. N. Engl. J. Med. 317(9), 571–572.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Powars D., Larsen R., Johnson J., Hulbert T. Sun T., Patch M. J., Francis R., and Chan L. (1993) Epidemic meningococcemia and purpura fulminans with induced protein C deficiency. Clin. Infect. Dis. 17, 254–261.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Fijnvandraat K., Derkx B., Peters M., Bijlmer R., Sturk A., Prins M. H., et al. (1995) Coagulation activation and tissue necrosis in meningococcal septic shock: severely reduced protein C levels predict a high mortality. Thromb. Haemost. 73, 15–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Hazelzet J. A., Risseeuw-Appel I. M., Kornelisse R. F., Hop W. C. G., Dekker I., Joosten K. F. M., de Groot R., and Hack C. E. (1996) Age-related differences in outcome and severity of DIC in children with septic shock and purpura. Thromb. Haemost. 76(6), 932–938.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Brandtzaeg P., Joo G. B., Brusletto B., and Kierulf P. (1990) Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and 2, alpha-2-antiplasmin, plasminogen, and endotoxin levels in systemic meningococcal disease. Thromb. Res. 57(2), 271–278.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kornelisse R. F., Hazelzet J. A., Savelkoul H. F. J., Hop W. C. J., Suur M. H., Borsboom A. N. J., Risseeuw-Appel I. M., v. d. Voort E., and d. Groot R. (1996) The relationship between plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and proinflammatory and counterinflammatory mediators in children with meningococcal septic shock. J. Infect. Dis. 173, 1148–1156.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Voss R., Matthias R. R., Borkowski G., and Reitz D. (1990) Activation and inhibition of fibrinolysis in septic patients in an internal intensive care unit. Br. J. Haematol. 75, 99–105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Philippe I, Offner F., Declerck P. J., Leroux-Roels G., Vogelaers D., Baele G., and Collen D. (1991) Fibrinolysis and coagulation in patients with infectious disease and sepsis. Thromb. Haemost. 65(3), 291–295.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hesselvik J. F., Blombäck M., Brodin B., and Maller R. (1989) Coagulation, fibrinolysis, and kallikrein systems in sepsis: relation to outcome. Crit. Care Med. 17(8), 724–733.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Hermans P. W., Hibberd M. L., Booy R., Daramola O., Hazelzet J. A., de R. Groot, and Levin M. (1999) 4G/5G promoter polymorphism in the plasminogen-activator-inhibitor-1 gene and outcome of meningococcal disease. Meningococcal Research Group. Lancet 354(9178), 556–560.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Taylor F. (1994) The inflammatory-coagulant axis in the host response to gram-negative sepsis: regulatory roles of proteins and inhibitors of tissue factor. N. Horizons 2, 555–565.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Esmon C. T., Fukudome K., Mather T., Bode W., Regan L. M., Stearns-Kurosawa D. J., and Kurosawa S. (1999) Inflammation, sepsis, and coagulation. Haematologica 84(3), 254–259.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Cicala C. and G. Cirino (1998) Linkage between inflammation and coagulation: an update on the molecular basis of the crosstalk. Life Sci. 62(20), 1817–1824.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. de Jonge E., Levi M., Stoutenbeek C. P., and van Deventer S. J. (1998) Current drug treatment strategies for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Drugs 55(6), 767–777.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. de Jonge E., Dekkers P. E., Creasey A. A., Hack C. E., Paulson S. K., Karim A., et al. (2000) Tissue factor pathway inhibitor dose-dependently inhibits coagulation activation without influencing the fibrinolytic and cytokine response during human endotoxemia. Blood 95(4), 1124–1129.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. McManus M. L. and Churchwell K. B. (1993) Coagulopathy as a predictor of outcome in meningococcal sepsis and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome with purpura. Crit. Care Med. 21, 706–711.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Vik-Mo H., Lote K., and Nordoy A. (1978) Disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with meningococcal infection: laboratory diagnosis and prognostic factors. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 10(3), 187–191.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Giraud T., Dhainaut J. F., Schremmer B., Regnier B., Desjars P., Loirat P., et al. (1991) Adult overwhelming meningococcal purpura. A study of 35 cases, 1977–1989. Arch. Intern. Med. 151(2), 310–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Leclerc F., Beuscart R., Guillois B., Diependaele J. F., Krim G., Devictor D., Bompard Y., and van-Albada T. (1985) Prognostic factors of severe infectious purpura in children. Intensive Care Med. 11(3), 140–143.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Wuillemin W. A., Fijnvandraat K., Derkx B. H. F., Peters M., Vreede W., Cate H. T., and Hack C. (1995) Activation of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation in children with meningococcal septic shock. Thromb. Haemost. 74, 1436–1441.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Engebretsen L., Kierulf P., and Brandtzaeg P. (1986) Extreme plasminogen activator inhibitor and endotoxin values in patients with meningococcal disease. Thromb. Res. 42, 713–716.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Fijnvandraat K., Peters M., Derkx B., van Deventer S., and ten Cate J. W. (1994) Endotoxin induced coagulation activation and protein C reduction in meningococcal septic shock. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 388, 247–254.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Blanco A., Guisasola J. A., Solis P., Bachiller R., and Gonzalez H. (1990) Fibronectin in meningococcal sepsis. Correlation with antithrombin III and protein C. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 79(1), 73–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Hazelzet, J.A., Hack, C., de Groot, R. (2001). Coagulation Studies. In: Walker, J.M., Pollard, A.J., Maiden, M.C.J. (eds) Meningococcal Disease. Methods in Molecular Medicine™, vol 67. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-149-3:513

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-149-3:513

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-849-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-149-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics