Abstract
Over the past decade, the genes that underlie the development of many human diseases have been identified and the diseases causing mutations within these genes have been unveiled. Many genetic alterations responsible for a variety of human disorders have been characterized. These alterations range from simple Mendelian inherited syndromes to more complex traits such as cancers that involve multiple genetic and environmental factors. Identification and characterization of disease-causing mutations has practical as well as biological implications. As our understanding of these alterations advances, the potential for developing molecular genetic markers with clinical applications increases. This improved understanding also opens new avenues for advances in diagnostic testing, prognostication, and design of preventative strategies or therapeutic interventions. Indeed, direct genetic testing for an inherited colorectal cancer predisposition syndromes, Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) is currently available to the medical community with appropriate genetic counseling (1).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Powell, S. M., Petersen, G. M., and Krush, A. J. (1993) Molecular diagnosis of familial adenomatous polyposis. N. Engl. J. Med. 329, 1982–1987.
van der Luijt, R., Khan, P. M., Vasen, H., van Lecuwen, C., Tops, C., Roest, P., den Dunen, J., and Fodde, R. (1994) Rapid detection of translationterminating mutations at the adenomatous polyposis cold (APC) gene by direct protein truncation test. Genomics 20, 1–4.
Cotton, R. G. H. (1993) Current methods of mutation detection. Mutat. Res. 285, 125–144.
Orita, M., Iwahana, H., Kanazawa, H., Hayashi, K., and Sekiya, T. (1989) Detection of polymorphisms of human DNA by gel electrophoresis as single strand conformation polymorphisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 2766–2770.
Myers, R. M., Maniatis, T., and Lerman, L. S. (1987) Detection and localization of single base changes by denaturing gradient gei electrophoresis. Meth. Enzymol. 155, 501–527.
Landegran, U., Kaiser, R., Sanders, J., and Hood, L. (1988) A ligase mediated gene detection technique. Science 241, 1077–1080.
Schad, C. R., Jalal, S. M., and Thibodeau, S. N. (1995) Genetic testing for Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes. Mayo Clin. Proc. 70, 1195,1196.
Kinzler, K. W., Nilber, M. C., Su, L. K., Vogelstein, B., Bryan, T. M., Levy, D. B., Smith, K. J., Preisinger, A. C., Hedge, P., McKechnie, D., Finniear, R., Markham, A., Groffen, J., Boguski, M. S., Altschul, S. F., Horii, A., Ando, H., Miyoshi, Y., Miki, Y., Nishisho, I., and Nakamura, Y. (1991) Identification of FAP locus genes from chromosome 5q21. Science 253, 661–665.
Groden, J., Thilveris, A., Samowitz, W., Carlson, M., Gelbert, L., Albertsen, H., Joslyn, G., Stevens, J., Spirio, L., Robertson, M., Sargeant, L., Krapcho, K., Wolff, E., Burt, R., Hughes, J. P., Warrington, J., McPherson, J., Wasmuth, J., LePaslier, D., Abderrahim, H., Cohen, D., Leppert, M., and White, R. (1991) Identification and characterization of the familial adenomatous polyposis cold gene. Cell 66, 589–600.
Nishisho, I., Nakamura, Y., Miyoshi, Y., Miki, Y., Ando, H., Horii, A., Koyama, K., Utsunomiya, J., Baba, S., Hedge, P., Markham, A., Krush, A. J., Petersen, G., Hamilton, S. R., Nilbert, M. C., Levy, D. B, Bryan, T. M., Preisinger, A. C., Smith, K. J., Su, L. K., Kinzler, K. W., and Vogelstein, B. (1991) Mutations of chromosome 5q21 genes in FAP and colorectal cancer patients. Science 253, 665–669.
Joslyn, G., Carlson, M., Thiliveris, A., Albertsen, H., Gelbert, L., Samowitz, W., Groden, J., Stevens, J., Spirio, L., Robertson, M., Sargeant, L., Krapcho, K., Wolff, E., Burt, R., Hughes, J. P., Warrington, J., McPherson, J., Wasmuth, J., LePaslier, D., Abderrahim, H., Cohen, D., Leppert, M., and White, R. (1991) Identification of dele-tion mutations and three new genes at the familial polyposis locus. Cell 66, 601–613.
Bussey, H. J. R. (1990) Historical clevelopments in familial adenomatous polyposis, in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (Herrera, L., ed.), Liss, New York, pp. 1–7.
Miyoshi, Y. Ando, H., Nagase, H., Nishisho, I., Horii, A., Miki, Y., Mori, T., Utsunomiya, J., Baba, S., Petersen, G., Hamilton, S. R., Kinzler, K. W., Vogelstein, B., and Nakamura, Y. (1992) Germ-line mutations of the APC gene in 53 familial adenomatous polyposis patients. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 4452–4456.
Groden, J., Gelbert, L., Thliveris, A., Nelson, L., Robertson, M., Joslyn, G., Samowitz, W., Spirio, L., Carlson, M., Burt, R., Leppert, M., and White, R. (1993) Mutational analysis of patients with adenomatous polyposis: identical inactivating mutations in unrelated individuals. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 52, 263–272.
Nagase, H., Miyoshi, Y., Horii, A., Aoki, T., Petersen, G. M., Vogelstein, B., Maher, E., Ogawa, M., Maruyama, M., Utsunomiya, J., Baba, S., and Nakamura, Y. (1992) Screening for germ-line mutations in familial adenomatous polyposis patients: 61 new patients and a summary of 150 unrelated patients. Hum. Mutat. 1, 467–473.
Nagase, H. and Nakamura, Y. (1993) Mutations of the APC (adenomatous poly-posis coli) gene. Hum. Mutat. 2, 425–434.
Jen, J., Powell, S. M., Papadopoulos, N., Smith, K. J., Hamilton, S. R., Vogelstein, B., and Kinzler, K. W. (1994) Molecular determinants of cysplasia in colorecal lesions. Cancer Res. 54, 5523–5526.
Papadopoulos, N., Leach, F. S., Kinzler, K. W., and Vogelstein, B. (1995) Monoalleli mutation (MAMA) for identifying germline mutations. Nature Genet. 11, 99–102.
Petersen, G. M. (1995) Genetic counseling and predictive genetic testing in familial adenomatous polyposis. Sem. Colon Rectal Surg. 6/1, 55–60.
Lynch, H. T., Smyrk, T. C., Watson, P., Lanspa, S. J., Lynch, J. F., Lynch, P. M., Cavalieri, R. J., and Boland, C. R. (1993) Genetics, natural history, tumor spectrum, and pathology of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Gastroenterol-ogy 104, 1535–1549.
Leach, F. S., Nicolaides, N. C., Papadopoulos, N., Liu, B., Jen, J., Parsons, R., Peltomaki, P., Sistonen, P., Aaltonen, L. A., Nystrom-Lahti, M., Guan, X. Y., Zhang, J., Meltzer, P. S., Yu, J. W., Kao, F. T., Chen, D.J., Cerosaletti, K. M., Rournier, R. E. K., Todd, S., Lewis, T., Leach, R. J., Naylor, S. L., Weissenbach, J., Mecklin, J. P., Jarvinen, H., Petersen, G. M., Hamilton, S. R., Green, J., Jass, J., Watson, P., Lynch, H. T., Trent, J. M., de la Chapelle, A., Kinzler, K. W., and Vogelstein, B. (1993) Mutations of a mutS homolog in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. Cell 75, 1215–1225.
Fishel, R., Lescoe, M. K., Rao, M. R. S., Copeland, N. G., Jenkins, N. A., Garber, J., and Kolodner, R. (1994) The human mutator gene homolog MSH2 and its association with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Cell 75, 1027–1038.
Papadopoulos, N., Nicolaides, N. C., Wei, Y. F., Ruben, S. M., Carter, K. C., Rosen, C. A., Haseltine, W. A., Fleischmann, R. D., Fraser, C. M., Adams, M. D., Venter, J. C., Hamilton, S. R., Petersen, G. M., Watson, P., Lynch, H. T., Peltomiki, P., Mecklin, J. P., de la Chapelle, A., Kinzler, K. W., and Vogelstein, B. (1994) Mutation of a mutL homolog in hereditary colon cancer. Science 263, 1625–1629.
Bronner, C. E., Baker, S. M., Morrison, P. T., Warren, G., Smith, L. G., Lescoe, M. K., Kane, M., Earabino, C., Lipford, J., Lindblom., A., Tannergard, P., Bollag, R. J., Godwin, A. R., Ward, D. C., Nordenskjold, M., Fishel, R., Kolodner, R., and Liskay, R. M. (1994) Mutation in the DNA mismatch repair gene homologue hMLH1 is associated with hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer. Nature 368, 258–261.
Nicolaides, N. C., Papadopoulos, N., Liu, B., Wei, Y. F., Carter, K. C., Ruben, S. M., Rosen, C. A., Haseitine, W. A., Fleischmann, R. D., Fraser, C. M., Adams, M. D., Venter, J. C., Dunlop, M. G., Hamilton, S. R., Petersen, G. M., de la Chapelle, A., Vogelstein, B., Kinzler, K. W. (1994) Mutations of two PMS homologues in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Nature 371, 75–80.
Liu, B., Parsons, R., Papadopoulos, N., Nicolaides, N., Lynch, H. T., Wastson, P., Jass, J. R., Dunlop, M., Wyllie, A., Peltomaki, P., De La Chapelle, A., Hamilton, S. R., Vogelstein, B., and Kinzler, K. W. (1996) Analysis of mismatch repair genes in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer patients. Nature Med. 2, 169–174.
Luce, M. C., Marra, G., Chauhan, D. P., Laghi, L., Carethers, J. M., Cherian, S. P., Hawn, M., Binnie, C. G., Kam-Morgan, L. N. W., Cayouette, M. C., Koi, M., and Boland, C. R. (1995) In vitro transcription/translation assay for the screening of hM4H1 and hMSH2 mutations in familial colon cancer. Gastroenterology 109, 1368–1374.
Liu, B., Farrington, S. M., Petersen, G. M., Hamilton, S. R., Parsons, R., Papadopoulos, N., Fijiwara, T., Jen, J., Kinzler, K. W., Wyllie, A. H., Vogelstein, B., and Dunlop, M. G. (1995) Genetic instability occurs in the majority of young patients with colorectal cancer. Nature Med. 1/4, 348–352.
Trofatter, J. A., MacCollin, M. M., Rutter, J. L., Murrell, J. R., Duyao, M. P., Parry, D. M., Eldridge, R., Kley, N., Menon, A. G., Pulaski, K., Haase, V. H., Ambrose, C. M., Munroe, D., Bove, C., Haines, J. L., Martuza, R. L., MacDonald, M. E., Seizinger, B. R., Short, M. P., Buckler, A. J., and Gusella, J. F. (1993) A novel moesin-, ezrin-, radixin-like gene is a candidate for the neurofibromatosis 2 tumor suppressor. Cell 72, 791–800.
Rouleau, G. A., Merel, P., Lutchrnan, M., Sanson, M., Zucman, J., Marineau, C., Hoang-Xuan, K., Demczuk, S., Desmiaze, C., Plougastel, B., Pulst, S. M., Lenoir, G., Bijlsma, E., Fashold, R., Dumanski, J., de Jong, P., Parry, D., Eldrige, R., Aurias, A., Delattre, O., Thomas, G. (1993) Alteration in a new gene encoding a putative membrane-organizing protein causes neuro-fibromatosis type 2. Nature 363, 515–521.
Latif, F., Tory, K., Gnarra, J., Yao, M., Duh, F. M., Orcutt, M. L., Stackhouse, T., Kuzmin, I., Modi, W., Geil, L., Schmidt, L., Zhou, F., Li, H., Wei, M. H., Chen, F., Glenn, G., Choyke, P., Walther, M. M., Weng, Y., Duan, D. S. R., Dean, M., Glavac, D., Richards, F. M., Crossey, P. A., Ferguson-Smith, M. A., Le Paslier, D., Chumakov, L., Cohen, O., Chinault, A. C., Maher, E. R., Linehan, W. M., Zbar, B., and Lerman, M. I. (1993) Identification of the von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor gene. Science 260, 1317–1320.
Malhotra, S. B., Hart, K. A., Klamut, H. J., Thomas, N. S. T., Bodrug, S. E., Burghes, A. H. M., Bobrow, M., Harper, P. S., Thompson, M. W., Ray, P. N., and Worton, R. G. (1988) Frame-shift deletions in patients with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy. Science 242, 755–759.
Collins, F. S. (1996) BRCA1-Lots of mutations, lots of dilemmas. N. Engl. J. Med. 334/3, 186–188.
Kuivaniemi, H., Tromp, G., and Prockop, D. J. (1991) Mutations in collagen genes: causes of rare and some common diseases in humans. FASEB J. 5, 2052–2060.
Yandell, D. W., Campbell, T. A., Dayton, S. H., Petersen, R., Walton, D., Little, J. B., McConkie-Rosell, A., Buckley, E. G., and Dryja, T. P. (1989) Oncogenic point mutations in the human retinoblastoma gene: their application to genetic counseling. N. Engl. J. Med. 321/25, 1689–1695.
Kazazian, H. H. Jr., Dowlin, C. E., Boehm, C. D, Warren, T. C., Economou, E. P., Katz, J., and Antonarakis, S. E. (1990) Gene defects in beta-thalassemia and their prenatal diagnosis. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 612, 1–14.
Giannelli, F., Green, P. M., High, K. A., Lozier, J. N., Lillicrap, D. P., Ludwig, M., Olek, K., Reitsma, P. H., Goossens, M., Yoshioka, A., Sommer, S., and Brownlee, G. G. (1990) Haemophilia B: database of point mutations and short additions and deletions. Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 4053–4058.
Tsui, L. C. (1992) Mutations and sequence variations, detected in the cystic fibro-sis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene: a report from the cystic fibrosis genetic analysis consortium. Hum. Mutat. 1, 197–203.
Tsui, L. C. (1992) The spectrum of cystic fibrosis mutations. Trends Genet. 8/11, 392–398.
Collins, F. S. (1992) Cystic fibrosis: molecular biology and therapeutic implications. Science 256, 775–779.
Heim, R. A., Silverman, L. M., Farber, R. A., Kam-Morgan, L. N. W., and Luce, M. C. (1994) Screening for truncated NF1 proteins. Nature Genet. 8, 218, 219.
Roest, P. A. M., Roberts, R. G., Sugino, S., van Ommen, G. B., and Dunnen, J. T. (1993) Protein truncation test (PTT) for rapid detection of translation-terminating mutations. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2, 1719–1721.
Hogervorst, F. B. L., Cornelis, R. S., Bout, M., van Vliet, M., Oosterwijk, J. C. Olmer, R., Bakker, B., Klijn, J. G. M., Vasen, H. F. A., Meijers-Heijboer, H., Menko, F. H., Cornelisse, C. J., den Dunnen, J. T., Devilee, P., and van Ommen, G. J. B. (1995) Rapid detection of BRCA1 mutations by the protein truncation test.Nat. Genet. 10, 208–212.
Powell, S. M. (1995) Clinical applications of molecular genetics in colorectal cancer. Sem. Colon. Rectal Surg. 6(1), 2–18.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Powell, S.M. (2001). Direct Analysis for Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Mutations. In: M., S. (eds) Colorectal Cancer. Methods in Molecular Medicine, vol 50. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-084-5:113
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-084-5:113
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-767-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-084-1
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols