Abstract
The first research that focused on the effects of pulsed electric fields on living cells described the phenomena of reversible and irreversible membrane breakdown in an in vitro environment in the 1960s and 1970s (1–6). This early research led to the current understanding that exposing cells to intense electric fields induces a transmembrane potential that is superposed on the resting potential. Induced potentials of sufficient magnitude cause a dielectric breakdown of the membrane. This physical phenomenon was termed electroporation, or electropermeabilization, because it was observed that molecules that do not normally pass through the membrane gain intracellular access after the cells were treated with electric fields.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Coster, H. G. L. (1965) A quantitative analysis of the voltage-current relationships of fixed charge membranes and the associated property of “punch-through.” Biophys. J. 5, 669–686.
Sale, A. J. H. and Hamilton, W. A. (1967) Effects of high electric fields on microorganisms. I. Killing of bacteria and yeasts. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 148, 781–788.
Sale, A. J. H. and Hamilton, W. A. (1968) Effects of high electric fields on microorganisms II. lysis of erythrocytes and protoplasts. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 163, 37–43.
Pohl, H. A. and Crane, J. S. (1971) Dielectrophoresis of cells. Biophys. J. 11, 711–727.
Crowley, J. M. (1973) Electrical breakdown of bimolecular lipid membranes as an electromechanical instability. Biophys. J. 13, 711–724.
Zimmermann, U., Pilwat, G., and Friemann, F. (1974) Dielectric breakdown of cell membranes. Biophys. J. 14, 881–899.
Prausnitz, M. R., Lau, B. S., Milano, C. D., Conner, S., Langer, R., and Weaver, J. C. (1993) A quantitative study of electroporation showing a plateau in net molecular transport. Biophys. J. 65, 414–422.
Hibino, M., Shigemori, M., Itoh, M., Hagayama, K., and Kinosita, K. (1991) Membrane conductance of an electroporated cell analyzed by submicrosecond imaging of transmembrane potential. Biophys. J. 59, 209–220.
Chang, D. C. and Reese, T. S. (1990) Changes in membrane structure induced by electroporation as revealed by rapid-freezing electron microscopy. Biophys. J. 58, 1–12.
Neumann, E., Sowers, A. E., and Jordan, D. A. (1989) Electroporation and Electrofusion in Cell Biology. Plenum, New York.
Teissié, J. and Rols, M. P. (1992) Time course of electropermeabilization. In: Charge and Field Effects in Biosystems, Vol. 3 (Allen, M. J., Cleary, S. F., Sowers, A. E., and Shillady, D., eds.) Birkhauser, Boston, pp. 285–301.
Foung, S. K. H. and Perkins, S. (1989) Electric field-induced cell fusion and human monoclonal antibodies. J. Immunol. Methods 116, 117–122.
Lo, M. M. S., Tsong, T. Y., Conrad, M. K., Strittmatter, S. M., Hester, L. D., and Snyder, S. H. (1984) Monoclonal antibody production by receptor-mediated electrically induced cell fusion. Nature 310, 792–794.
Teissié, J., Knutson, V. P., Tsong, T. Y., and Lane, M. D. (1982) Electric pulseinduced fusion of 3T3 cells in monolayer culture. Science 216, 537–538.
Jaroszeski, M. J., Gilbert, R., Fallon, P. G., and Heller, R. (1994) Mechanically facilitated cell-cell electrofusion. Biophys. J. 67, 1574–1581.
Heller, R. and Grasso, R. J. (1990) Transfer of human membrane surface components by incorporating human cells into intact animal tissue by cell-tissue electrofusion in vivo. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1024, 185–188.
Grasso, R. J., Heller, R., Cooley, J. R., and Haller, E. M. (1989) Electrofusion of individual animal cells directly to intact corneal epithelial tissue. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 980, 9–14.
Mouneimne, Y., Pierre-Francois, T., Barhoumi, R., and Nicolau, C. (1991) Electroinsertion of xeno proteins in red blood cell membranes yields a long lived protein carrier in circulation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1066, 83–89.
Mouneimne, Y., Pierre-Francois, T., Barhoumi, R., and Nicolau, C. (1990) Electroinsertion of full length recombinant CD4 into red blood cell membrane. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1027, 53–58.
Orlowski, S., Belehradek, J. Jr., Paoletti, C., and Mir, L. M. (1988) Transient electropermeabilization of cells in culture. Biochem. Pharmacol. 37, 4727–4733.
Zheng, Q. and Chang, D. C. (1991) High-efficiency gene transfection by in situ electroporation of cultured cells. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1088, 104–110.
Sukharev, S. I., Klenchin, V. A., Serov, S. M., Chernomordik, L. V., and Chizmadzhev, Y. A. (1992) Electroporation and electrophoretic DNA transfer into cells. Biophys. J. 63, 1320–1327.
Klenchin, V. A., Sukharev, S. I., Serov, S. M., Chernomordik, L. V., and Chizmadzhev, Y. A. (1991) Electrically induced DNA uptake by cells is a fast process involving DNA electrophoresis. Biophys. J. 60, 804–811.
Okino, M. and Mohri, H. (1987) Effects of a high-voltage electrical impulse and an anticancer drug on in vivo growing tumors. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 78, 1319–1321.
Mir, L. M., Orlowski, O., Belehradek, J. Jr., and Paoletti, C. (1991) Electrochemotherapy potentiation of antitumour effect of bleomycin by local electric pulses. Eur. J. Cancer 27, 68–72.
Serša, G., Novakovic, S., and Miklavčič, D. (1993) Potentiation of bleomycin antitumor effectiveness by electrotherapy. Cancer Lett. 69, 81–84.
Heller, R., Jaroszeski, M., Leo-Messina, J., Perrott, R., Van Voorhis, N., Reintgen, D., and Gilbert, R. (1995) Treatment of B16 melanoma with the combination of electroporation and chemotherapy. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 36, 83–87.
Jaroszeski, M. J., Gilbert, R., and Heller, R. (1997) Electrochemotherapy: an emerging drug delivery method for the treatment of cancer. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 26, 185–197.
Mir, L. M., Belehradek, M., Domenge, C., Orlowski, S., Poddevin, J. Jr., Schwab, G., Luboinnski, B., and Paoletti, C. (1991) Electrochemotherapy, a novel antitumor treatment: first clinical trial. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 313, 613–618.
Belehradek, M., Domenge, C., Luboinnski, B., Orlowski, S., Belehradek, J., and Mir, L. M. (1993) Electrochemotherapy, a new antitumor treatment. Cancer 72, 3694–3700.
Domenge, C., Orlowski, S., Luboinski, B., DeBaere, T., Schwaab, G., Belehradek, J. Jr., and Mir, L. M. (1996) Antitumor electrochemotherapy. Cancer 77, 956–963.
Heller, R., Jaroszeski, M. J., Glass, L. F., Messina, J. L., Rapaport, D. P., DeConti, R. C., Fenske, N. A., Gilbert, R. A., Mir, L. M., and Reintgen, D. S. (1996) Phase I/II trial for the treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors using electrochemotherapy. Cancer 77, 964–971.
Heller, R., Jaroszeski, M. J., Reintgen, D. S., Puleo, C. A., DeConti, R. C., Gilbert, R. A., and Glass, L. F. (1998) Treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors with electrochemotherapy using intralesional bleomycin Cancer 83, 148–157.
Rudolf, Z., Štabuc, B., Čemažar, M., Miklavčič, D., Vodovnik, L., and Serša, G. (1995) Electrochemotherapy with bleomycin: The first clinical experience in malignant melanoma patients. Radiol. Oncol. 29, 229–235.
Feuerbach, F. J. and Crystal, R. G. (1996) Progress in human gene therapy. Kidney Int. 49, 1791–1794.
Vile, R. C. (1996) Gene therapy for cancer: In the dock, blown off course or full speed ahead? Cancer and Metastasis Rev. 15, 283–286
Dranoff, G. (1997) Gene therapy 1996. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1332, R21–R24.
Fouillard, L. (1996) Physical methods for gene transfer: An alternative to viruses. Hematol. Cell Ther. 38, 214–216.
Heller, R., Jaroszeski, M., Atkin, A., Moradpour, D., Gilbert, R., Wands, J., and Nicolau, C. (1996) In vivo gene electroinjection and expression in rat liver. FEBS Lett. 389, 225–228.
Suzuki, T., Shin, B., Fujikura, K., Matsuzaki, T., and Takata, K., (1998) Direct gene transfer into rat liver cells by in vivo electroporation. FEBS Lett. 425, 436–440.
Wolff, J. A., Malone, R. W., Williams, P., Chong, W., Ascadi, G., Jani, A., and Felgner, P. L. (1990) Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle in vivo. Science 247, 1465–1468.
Wolff, J. A., Ludtke, J. J., Ascadi, G., Williams, P., and Jani, A. (1992) Long-term persistence of plasmid DNA and foreign gene expression in mouse muscle. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1, 363–369.
Vitadello, M., Schiaffino, M.V., Picard, A., Scarpa, M., and Schiaffino, S. (1994) Gene transfer in regenerating muscle. Hum. Gene Ther. 5, 11–18.
Wells, D. J. (1993) Improved gene transfer by direct plasmid injection associated with regenerations in mouse skeletal muscle. FEBS Lett. 332, 179–182.
Aihara, H. and Miyazaki, J., (1998) Gene transfer into muscle by electroporation in vivo. Nat. Biotechnol. 16, 867–870.
Titomirov, A. V., Sukharev, S., and Kistanova, E. (1991) In vivo electroporation and stable transformation of skin cells of newborn mice by plasmid DNA. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1088, 131–134.
Zhang, L., Lingna, L., Hofmann, G. A., and Hoffman, R. M. (1996) Depthtargeted efficient gene delivery and expression in the skin by pulsed electric fields: an approach to gene therapy of skin aging and other diseases. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 220, 633–636.
Muramatsu, T., Shibata, O., Ryoki, S., Ohmori, Y., and Okumura, J. (1997) Foreign gene expression in the mouse testis by localized in vivo gene transfer. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 233, 45–49.
Nishi, T., Kimio, Y., Yanashiro, S., Takeshima, H., Sato, K, Hamada, K., Kitamural, I., Yoshimura, T., Saya, H., Kuratsu, J., and Ushio, Y. (1996) Highefficiency in vivo gene transfer using intraarterial plasmid DNA injection following in vivo electroporation. Cancer Res. 56, 1050–1055.
Rols, M. P., Delteil, C., Golzio, M., Dumond, P., Cros, S., and Teissié, J. (1998) In vivo electrically mediated protein and gene transfer in murine melanoma. Nat. Biotechnol. 16, 168–171.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Jaroszeski, M.J., Gilbert, R., Nicolau, C., Heller, R. (2000). Delivery of Genes In Vivo Using Pulsed Electric Fields. In: Jaroszeski, M.J., Heller, R., Gilbert, R. (eds) Electrochemotherapy, Electrogenetherapy, and Transdermal Drug Delivery. Methods in Molecular Medicine, vol 37. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-080-2:173
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-080-2:173
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-606-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-080-3
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols