Skip to main content

15 Chromatographic Method for StachybotrysToxins

  • Protocol

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology™ ((MIMB,volume 157))

Abstract

The filamentous fungus Stachybotrys atra (also known as S. chartarum) has a colorful past. S. atra was first described over 150 years ago by Corda in 1837, who isolated the mold from damp wallpaper in a home in Prague. Although S. atra-related animal intoxications have no doubt existed for some time, it was not until 1931 that this toxicosis was described, and, not until the late 1930s, was the condition recognized as a mycotoxicosis: stachybotryotoxicosis (1). Horses are particularly sensitive to this mold which is a common contaminant of damp hay and straw.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Protocol
USD   49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Springer Nature is developing a new tool to find and evaluate Protocols. Learn more

References

  1. Forgacs, J. (1972) Stachybotryotoxicosis, in Microbial Toxins, vol. VIII (Kadis S., Ceigler A., and Ajl, S. J., eds.), Academic, NY, pp. 95–128.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Hintikka, E.-L. (1978) Human stachybotryotoxicosis, in Mycotoxic Fungi Mycotoxins Mycotoxicoses, vol. 3 (Wyllie, T. D. and Morehouse, L. G., eds.), Marcel Dekker, NY, pp. 87–89.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Croft, W. A., Jarvis, B. B., and Yatawara, C. S. (1986) Airborne outbreak of trichothecene toxicosis. Atmospheric Environment 20, 549–552. 193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Etzel, R., Montana, E., Sorenson, W. G., Kullman, G., Allen, T. M., Olsen, D. R., Jarvis, B. B., Miller, J. D., and Dearborn, D. G. (1998) Acute pulmonary hemorrhage in infants associated with exposure to Stachybotrys atra and other fungi. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 152, 757–762.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Fung, F., Clark, R., and Williams, S. (1998) Stachybotrys, a mycotoxin producing fungus of increasing toxigenic importance. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 36, 79–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Johanning, J. (1998) Stachybotrys revisited. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 36, 629–631.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Nikulin, M., Pasanen, A.-L., Berg, S., and Hintikka, E.-L. (1994) Stachybotrys atra growth and toxin production in some building materials and fodder under different relative humidities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 3421–3424.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Nielsen, K. F., Hansen, M. O., Larsen, T. O., and Thrane, U. (1998) Production of trichothecene mycotoxins on water damaged gypsum boards in Danish buildings. Internat. Bioterior. Biodegrad. 42, 1–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Nielsen, K. F., Thrane, U., Larsen, T. O., Nielsen, P. A., and Gravesen, S. (1998) Production of mycotoxins on artificially inoculated building materials. Internat. Bioterior. Biodegrad. 42, 9–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Jarvis, B. B., Lee, Y.-W., Yatawara, C. S., and Comezoglu, S. N. (1986) Trichothecenes produced by Stachybotrys atra from Eastern Europe. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 51, 915–918.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Jarvis, B. B., Salemme, J., and Morais, A. (1995) Stachybotrys toxins. 1. Natural Toxins 3, 10–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Jarvis, B. B. (1991) Macrocyclic trichothecenes, in Mycotoxins and Phytoalexins in Human and Animal Health (Sharma, R. P. and Salunkhe, D. K., eds.), CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 361–421.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Jarvis, B. B., Sorenson, W. G., Hintikka, E.-L., Nikulin, M., Zhou, Y., Jiang, J., Wang, S., Hinkley, S., Etzel, R. A., and Dearborn, D. (1998) Studies of toxin production by isolates of Stachybotrys chartarum and Memnoniella echinata isolated during a study of pulmonary hemosiderosis in infants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 3620–3625.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Jarvis, B. B., Wang, S., Cox, C., Rao, M. M., Philip, V., Varaschin, M. S., and Barros, C. S. (1996) Brazilian Baccharis toxins: livestock poisoning and the isolation of macrocyclic trichothecene glucosides. Natural Toxins 4, 58–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Grove, J. F. (1993) Macrocyclic trichothecenes. Natural Prod. Rep. 429–448.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Whyte, A. C., Gloer, J. B., Scott, J. A., and Malloch, D. (1996) Cercophorins A-C: novel antifungal and cytotoxic metabolites from the coprophilous fungus Cercophora areolata. J. Nat. Prod. 59, 765–769.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Rizzo, I., Varsavky, E., Haidukowski, M., and Frade, H. (1997) Macrocyclic trichothecenes in Baccharis coridifolia plants and endophytes and Baccharis artemisioides plants. Toxicon 35, 753–757.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ayer, W. A. and Miao, S. (1993) Secondary metabolites of the aspen fungus Stachybotrys cylindrospora. Can. J. Chem. 71, 487–493.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Jarvis, B. B., Zhou, Y., Jiang, J., Wang, S., Sorenson, W. G., Hintikka, E.-L., Nikulin, M., Parikka, P., Etzel, R. A., and Dearborn, D. G. (1996) Toxigenic molds 194 in water-damaged buildings: dechlorogriseofulvins from Memnoniella echinata. J. Nat. Prod. 59, 553–554.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Hinkley, S. F., Jiang, J., Mazzola E. P., and Jarvis, B. B. (1999) Atranones: Novel diterpenoids from the toxigenic mold Stachybotrys atra. Tetrahedron Lett. 40, 2725–2728.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Jarvis, B. B. (1992) Macrocyclic trichothecenes from Brazilian Baccharis species: from microanalysis to large scale isolation. Phytochem. Anal. 3, 241–249.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Bata, A., Harrach, B., Ujszaszi, K., Kis-Tamas, A., and Lasztity, R. (1985) Macrocyclic trichothecene toxins produced by Stachybotrys atra strains isolated in Middle Europe. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49, 678–681.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Rosen, J. D., Rosen, R. T., and Hartman, T. G. (1986) Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of several macrocyclic trichothecenes. J. Chrom. 355, 241–251.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Krishnamurthy, T., Beck, D. J., Isensee, R. K., and Jarvis, B. B. (1989) Liquid chromatographic-thermospray mass spectrometric analysis of macrocyclic trichothecenes. J. Chrom. 469, 209–222.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Salemme, J. (1990) Isolation and strucuture elucidation of secondary metabolites produced by the fungus, Stachybotrys; structure elucidation of the two isomers of the trichothecene, satratoxin H. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Maryland.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Matuszewski, B. K., Constanzer, M. L., and Chavez-Eng, C. M. (1998) Matrix effect in quantitative LC/MS analyses of biological fluids: a method for determination of finasteride in human plasma at picogram per milliliter concentrations. Anal. Chem. 70, 882–889.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Harrach, B. Nummi, M., Niku-Paavola, M.-L., Mirocha, C. J., and Palyusik, M. (1982) Identification of “water-soluble” toxins produced by a Stachybotrys atra strain from Finland. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44, 494–495.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Cole, R. J., (ed.) (1986) Modern Methods in the Analysis and Structural Elucidation of Mycotoxins. Academic, Orlando, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Yagen, B., Sintov, A., and Bialer, M. (1986) New, sensitive thin-layer chromato-graphic high-performance liquid chromatographic method for detection of trichothecene mycotoxins. J. Chrom. 356, 195–201.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Beaver, R. W. (1986) Gas chromatography in mycotoxin analysis, in Modern Methods in the Analysis and Structural Elucidation ofMycotoxins (Cole, R. J., ed.), Academic, Orlando, FL, pp. 265–292.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Vesonder, R. F., and Rohwedder, W. K. (1986) Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of mycotoxins, in Modern Methods in the Analysis and Structural Elucidation ofMycotoxins (Cole, R. J., ed.), Academic, Orlando, FL, pp. 335–392.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Cole, R. J. and Cox, R. H. (eds.) (1981) Handbook of Toxic Fungal Metabolites. Academic, NY, pp. 225–242 and 857–863.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Jarvis, B. J., Stahly, G. P., Pavanasasivam, G., Midiwo, J. O., DeSilva, T., and Holmlund, C. E. (1982) Isolation and characterization of the trichoverroids and new roridins and verrucarins. J. Org. Chem. 47, 1116–1124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Bloem, R. J., Smitka, T. A., Bunge, R. H., French, J. C., and Mazzola, E. P. (1983) Roridin L-2, a new trichothecene. Tetrahedron Lett. 24, 249–252.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kaise, H., Shinohara, M., Miyazaki, W., Izawa, T., Nakano, Y., Sugawara, M., Sugiura, K., and Sasaki, K. (1979) Structure of K-76, a complement inhibitor produced by Stachybotrys complementi nov. sp. K-76. J. C. S. Chem. Comm. 726–727.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Humana Press Inc.

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Hinkley, S.F., Jarvis, B.B. (2001). 15 Chromatographic Method for StachybotrysToxins. In: Trucksess, M.W., Pohland, A.E. (eds) Mycotoxin Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 157. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-064-0:173

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-064-0:173

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-623-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-064-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics