Abstract
Since ancient times, man has recognized and utilized biological agents for pest control (1). Modern agriculture has built on this foundation of indigenous knowledge to explore and advance the use of novel methods of biological con trol of insect pests. In the past 30 yr, biotechnological innovation, including natural product chemistry, fermentation, and genetic engineering, has led to the development of many revolutionary products that have fundamentally changed the way humans manage pest-control agents. The use of chemicals in arthropod control can now be divided into two categories: conventional chemi cal insecticides and bioinsecticides. Furthermore, the definition of bioinsecticides has expanded to include the use of genes and gene products, microbes or products derived from microbes, plants, and other biological enti ties. The development of recombinant DNA technology and other factors, e.g., concerns over the environmental and health risks of conventional chemicals, the development of resistance to existing chemicals, and a growing interest in IPM has accelerated research interest in biopesticides as chemical-pesticide alternatives. Growers today find ever-increasing bioinsecticide products avail able to them, from conventional spray deployment of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to insect-specific viruses, sprayable pheromones, and transgenic plants with insecticidal genes incorporated into plant tissue. However, biopesticide development and utilization has many challenges today (2).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Jacobson, M. (1988) Botanical pesticides past, present, and future, in Insecticides of Plant Origin (Amason, J. T., Philgene, B J R., and Morand, P, eds.), American Chemistry Society Symposium Series 387, pp. 1–10
Gaugler, R. (1997) Alternative paradigms for commercializing biopesticides Phytoparasitica 25, 3.
McChntock, J.T, Kough, J L, and Sjoblad, R D. (1994) Regulatory oversight of biochemical pesticides by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency health effects considerations. Regul Tox Pharmacol 19, 115–124
Rogers, E M (1962) Diffusion ofInnovations Collier-Macmillan, Toronto, Canada.
Reinecke, P. (1990) Biological control products’ demands of industry for successful development, in Pesticides and Alternatives Innovative Chemical and Biological Approaches to Pest Control (Casida, J. E, ed.), Elsevier, New York, pp 99–108
Carlson, G A (1988) Economics of biological control of pests. Am J Alternative Agric 3, 110–116
Hollander, A K., Wood, H A, and Evans, F (1991) Biopesticides (workshop report), in Biotechnology and Sustainable Agriculture Policy Alternatives National Agriculture Biotechnology Center Report 1 (MacDonald, J F., ed), National Agriculture Biotechnology Center, Ithaca, NY, pp. 14–20.
James, C and Krattiger, A. F. (1996) Global review of the field testing and commercialization of transgenic plants, 1986-1995. the first decade of crop biotechnology ISAAA Briefs No 1, Ithaca, NY.
Andrews, R E, Faust, R M, Wabiko, H, Raymond, K. C, and Bulla, L A. (1987) The biotechnology of Bacillus thuringiensis. CRC Crit Rev. Biotechnol 6, 163–232.
Reichelderfer, K H (1989) Economic aspects of biopesticides, in Biotechnology and Sustainable Agriculture Policy Alternatives. National Agriculture Biotechnology Center Report 1 (MacDonald, J. F., ed.), National Agriculture Biotechnology Center, Ithaca, NY, pp. 82–89.
Bowles, R. G. and Webster, J. P. G. (1995) Some problems associated with the analysis of the costs and benefits of pesticides. Crop Protect. 14, 593–600
Brown, G. C (1997) Simple models of natural enemy action and economic thresholds Am Entomol. 43, 117–124.
Croft, B. A. (1975) Integrated control of apple mites Michigan State University Cooperative Extension Services Extension Bulletin E-825
Stnckler, K., Cushing, N, Whalon, M, and Croft, B A (1987) Mite (Acan) species composition in Michigan apple orchards. Environ Entomol 16, 30–36
Stickler, K and Whalon, M (1985) Microlepidoptera species composition in Michigan apple orchards Environ Entomol 14, 486–495
Trumble, J. T., Carson, W. G., and Kund, G. S (1997) Economics and environmental impact of a sustainable integrated pest management program in celery J Econ. Entomol. 90, 139–146
Dahlberg, K A (1993) Government policies that encourage pesticide use in the United States, in The Pesticide Question Environment, Economics, and Ethics (Pimentel, D. and Lehman, H, eds.), Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 281–306
Knmsky, S and Wrubel, R P. (1996) Agricultural Biotechnology and the Environment Science, Policy, and Social Issues University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago.
Benbrook, C M., Groth, E, Halloran, J M., Hansen, M K., and Marquardt, S (1996) Pest Management at the Crossroads. Consumers Union, Yonkers, NY
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Whalon, M.E., Norris, D.L. (1999). Field Management Delivery of New Technologies to Growers. In: Hall, F.R., Menn, J.J. (eds) Biopesticides: Use and Delivery. Methods in Biotechnology, vol 5. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-515-8:595
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-515-8:595
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-515-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-483-2
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols