Abstract
Apoptosis is one type of programmed cell death responsible for the physiological elimination of various cell populations during development (Wyllie, 1988). It has been estimated that up to 50% or more of vertebrate neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) die during embryonic development and/or early postnatal maturation via programmed cell death (Raff et al., 1993). There is increasing evidence that apoptosis may also be triggered pathologically in the adult CNS and may mediate the nonphysiological death of neurons characteristic of various neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (Barinaga, 1993), and that which occurs following ischemic, traumatic, or chemical injury of the CNS (Yoshitatsu et al., 1994; Yan et al., 1995a).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsSpringer Nature is developing a new tool to find and evaluate Protocols. Learn more
References
Adams J., Vorheers C. V., and Middaugh L. D. (1990) Developmental neurotoxicity of anticonvulsants human and animal evidence on phenytoin. Neurotoxicol Teratol 12, 203–214
Aloso R., Didier M, and Soubrie P (1990) [3H] N-methylscopolamine binding studies reveal M2 and M3 muscannic receptor subtypes on cerebellar granule cells in primary culture J Neurochem 55, 334–337
Altman J (1972) Postnatal development of the cerebellar cortex in the rat 3. maturation of the components of the granule layer J Comp Neurol 145, 465–513
Balázs R, Jorgensen O S., and Hack N (1988) N-methyl-D-aspartate promotes the survival of cerebellar granule cells in culture Neuro-science 27, 437–451
Barinaga M (1993) Death gives birth to the nervous system but how? Science 259, 762–763
Burgoyne R D and Cambray-Deakin M A (1988) The cellular neurobiology of neuronal development, the cerebellar granule cell. Brain Res 472, 77–101.
Cohen J J. and Duke R. C (1984) Glucocorticoid activation of a calcium-dependent endonuclease in thymocyte nuclei leads to cell death J Immunol 32, 38–42
Copani A, Bruno M G, Barresi V., Battaglia G, Condorelli D F, and Nicoletti F (1995) Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors prevents neuronal apoptosis in culture J Neurochem 64, 101–108
Courtney M. J, Lambert J. J, and Nicholls D. G. (1990) The interactions between plasma membrane depolarization and glutamate receptor activation in the regulation of cytoplasmic free calcium in cultured cerebellar granule cells J Neurosci 10, 3873–3879
D’Mello S R., Gall C, Ciotti T, and Calissano P (1993) Induction of apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurons by low potassium inhibition of death by insulin-like growth factor I and cAMP Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90, 10,989–10,993
Fukamauchi F, Saunders P L, Hough C, and Chuang D-M (1993) Agonist-induced down-regulation and antagonist-induced up-regulation of m2-and m3-muscarmic acetylcholine receptor mRNA and protein in cultured cerebellar granule cells. Mol Pharmacol 44, 940–949
Gallo V, Kingsbury A., Balázs R., and Jorgensen O. S. (1987) The role of depolarization in the survival and differentiation of cerebellar granule cells in culture. J Neurosci 7, 2203–2213
Garthwaite J, Garthwaite G., and Hajos F. (1986) Amino acid neurotoxicity: relationship to neuronal depolarization in rat cerebellar slices Neuroscience 18, 449–460.
Gilman A. G (1987) G proteins, transducers of receptor-generated signals Annu Rev Biochem 56, 615–649
Gougeon M. L. and Montagnier L. (1993) Apoptosis in AIDS. Science 260, 1269–1270.
Ito M (1984a) Granule cells, in The Cerebellum and Neural Control (Ito M, ed), Raven, New York, pp 74–85
Ito M. (1984b) Mossy fiber system, reticular and pontine nuclei, in The Cerebellum and Neural Control (Ito M, ed.), Raven, New York, pp. 235–255.
Koike T, Martin D P, and Johnson E M Jr (1989) Role of Ca2+ channels in the ability of membrane depolarization to prevent neuronal death induced by trophic-factor deprivation evidence that levels of internal Ca2+ determine nerve growth factor dependence of sympathetic ganglion cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86, 6421–6425
Lindenboim L., Pinkas-Kramarski R., Sokolovsky M., and Stein R. (1995) Activation of muscarinic receptors inhibits apoptosis in PC12M1 cells. J Neurochem 64, 2491–2499.
Meyaard L., Otto S. A, Jonker R R., Mijnster M. J., Keet R P., and Miedema F (1992) Programmed death of T cells in HIV-1 infection. Science 257, 217–219
Murakami M, Tsubata T, Okamoto M, Shimizu A, Kumagai S, Imura H, and Honjo T (1993) Antigen-induced apoptotic death of Ly-1 B cells responsible for autoimmune disease m transgenic mice Nature 355, 77–80
Pabreza L A., Dhawan S, and Kellar K J. (1991) [3H] Cytisine binding to nicotinic cholinergic receptors in brain Mol Pharmacol 39, 9–12
Raff M.C, Barres B A., Burne J F., Coles H S., Ishizaki Y, and Jacobson M D (1993) Programmed cell death and the control of cell survival lessons from the nervous system. Science 262, 695–700
Rall T W and Schleifer L S (1990) Drugs effective in the therapy of the epilepsies, in The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed (Goodman L S, Gilman A G, Rall T. W, Nies A. S, and Taylor P, eds), Pergamon, New York, pp 436–462.
Schramm M., Eimerl S, and Costa E. (1990) Serum and depolarizing agents cause acute neurotoxicity in cultured cerebellar granule cells role of the glutamate receptor responsive to N-methyl-d-aspartate Proc Natl Acad Sci USA87, 1193–1
Wyllie A H. (1980) Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation Nature 284, 555–556
Wyllie A H (1988) ISI Atlas of Science Immunology, pp. 192–196.
Wyllie A H., Beattie G J., and Hargreaves A. D. (1981) Chromatin changes in apoptosis. Histochem J 3, 681–692
Yan G-M., Irwin R P, Lin S-Z., Weller M., Wood K. A, and Paul S M. (1995a) Diphenylhydantoin induces apoptotic cell death of cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons. J Pharmacol Exp. Ther 274, 983–990
Yan G-M., Lin S.-Z, Gu J, Irwin R P, and Paul S. M. (1995b). Bihubin induces apoptosis of cerebellar neurons via activation of NF-κB Abstr Soc Neurosci 21, 1892
Yan G-M., Lin S.-Z, Irwin R P, and Paul S M (1995c) Activation of G proteins bidirectionally affects apoptosis of cultured cerebellar granule neurons J Neurochem 65, 2425–2431
Yan G-M, Lin S-Z, Irwin R P, and Paul S M (1995) Activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors blocks apoptosis of cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Mol Pharmacol 47, 248–257.
Yan G-M, Ni B., Weiler M., Wood K A, and Paul S. M (1994) Depolarization or glutamate receptor activation blocks apoptotic cell death of cultured cerebellar granule neurons Brain Res 656, 43–51
Yoshitatsu S., Dag K. J. E, Von Lubitz A S., Basile M. M, Borner Lin R. C.-S., Skolnick P, and Fossom L H (1994) Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in the gerbil hippocampus following forebrain ischemia. Neurosci Lett 171, 179–182
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Yan, GM., Paul, S.M. (1997). Cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons as a Model of Neuronal Apoptosis. In: Poirier, J. (eds) Apoptosis Techniques and Protocols. Neuromethods, vol 29. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-451-8:47
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-451-8:47
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-451-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-634-8
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols