Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sensory-Evoked Potentials

  • Protocol
Imaging and Correlative Physicochemical Techniques

Part of the book series: Neuromethods ((NM,volume 8))

  • 221 Accesses

Abstract

Sensory-evoked potentials (EPs) are the electrophysiologic responses of the nervous system to sensory stimulation (Chiappa and Ropper, 1982a,b; Greenberg and Ducker, 1982). These responses, which reflect the condition of sensory pathways, can be used to identify abnormal or nonfunctional sensory pathways throughout the nervous system. EPs have been used for mapping the various structures that serve sensory functions of the nervous system in animals and humans (Kelly et al., 1965; Stohr and Goldring, 1969; Woolsey et al., 1979; Allison et al., 1986); for monitoring the functional integrity of specific sensory pathways and, to some extent, of adlacent pathways as well (Grundy, 1982,1983); and for measuring the neurologic responses to experimental and therapeutic interventions (Grundy et al., 1981a,b,c; Hacke, 1985; Mackey-Hargadine and Hall, 1985). This chapter will present a classification of EPs according to types of stimulation, modes of recording, methods of signal processing, types of poststimulus latencies, and purported neural generators. Current techniques will be described and experimental and clinical applications will be summarized.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allison T., Wood C C, and McCarthy G. (1986) The Central Nervous System, inPsychophysiology (Coles M. G H, Donchm E., and Porges S W., eds.) Guilford, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Electroencephalographlc Society (1984) Guidelines for clinical evoked potential studiesJ Clin Neurophyszol 1, 3–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Armington J C. (1986) Electroretinography, inElectrodiagnosis in Clinical Neurology, 2nd Ed (Aminoff M. C., ed.) Churchill Livingstone, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aunon J. I. (1978) Computer techniques for the processing of evoked potentials.Computer Progrurns Bromed 8, 243–255.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baralas J. J. (1985) Brainstem response audiometry as subjective and objective test for neurological diagnosisScand. Audiol 14, 57–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker A. T, Jalinous R, and Freeston I L. (1985) Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex (letter).Lancet 1, 1106–1107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beecher H. K. (1940) The first anesthesia records (Codman, Cushing).Surg Gynecol Obstet. 71, 689–693

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett M. H. and Jannetta P. J (1980) Trigeminal evoked potentials in humans.Electroencephalogr Clin. Neurophysiol. 48, 517–526.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown R. H. and Nash C L. Jr. (1979) Current status of spinal cord monitoring.Sprne 4, 466–470.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burke D., Skuse N F., and Lethlean A. K. (1980) Cutaneous and muscle afferent components of the cerebral potential evoked by electrical stimulation of human peripheral nerves.Elecfroencephalogr. Clrn. Neurophyslol. 51, 579–588

    Google Scholar 

  • Carmon A., Mor J, and Goldberg J. (1976) Evoked cerebral responses to noxious thermal stimuli in humans.Exp. Brain Res 25, 103–107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Celesia G.G. (1982) Steady-state and transient visual evoked potentials in clinical practice.Ann NY Acud. Sci. 388, 290–305.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Celesia G. G. (1985) Visual Evoked Responses, inEvoked Potential Testing: Clinical Applications (Owen J. H. and Davis H, eds.) Grune and Stration, Orlando

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiappa K. H.(1980) Pattern shift visual, brainstem auditory, and shortlatency somatosensory evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis.Neurology 30, 110–123.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiappa K. H. and Ropper A. H. (1982a) 1. Evoked potentials in clinical medicine. NEng J. Med. 306, 1140–1150

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiappa K. H. and Ropper A. H. (1982b) 2. Evoked potentials in clinical medicine. N.Eng J Med. 306, 1205–1211

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Childers D. G., Fischler I. S., Boaz T L., Perry N. W., Jr, and Arroyo A. A (1986) Multichannel, single trial event related potential classification.I.E.E.E. Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-33, 1069.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper R., Osselton J. W., and Shaw J. (1980)EEG Technology, 3rd Ed. Butterworths, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • CraccoJ B., CraccoR Q., and Stolove R. (1979) Spinal evoked potential in man: A maturational study.Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 46, 58–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daube J. R. (1986) Nerve Conduction Studies, inElectrodiagnosis in Clinical Neurology, 2nd Ed. (Aminoff M. J., ed.) Churchill Livingstone, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson G D. (1947) Cerebral responses to electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve in man.J Neurol. Neurosurg Psychat 10, 137–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derendorf H., Drehsen G., and Rohdewald P. (1982) Cortical evoked potentials and saliva levels as basis for the comparison of pure analgesic to analgesic combinations.Pharmacology 25, 227–236.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • deWeerd J. P. (1981) A posteriori time-varying filtering of averaged evoked potentials. I. Introduction and conceptual basis.Biol. Cybern. 41, 21l–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • deWeerd J. P. and Kap J I. (1981) A posteriori time-varying filtering of averaged evoked potentials. II. Mathematical and computational aspects.Biol. Cybern. 41, 223–234.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • deWeerd J. P. and Martens W. L. J. (1978) Theory and practice of a posteriori “Wiener” filtering of average evoked potentials.Biol. Cybern 30, 81–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Don M., Elberling M. D. C., and Waring M. (1984) Objective detection of averaged auditory brainstein responses.Stand Audiol. 13, 219–228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisen A. and Aminoff M. J. (1986) Somatosensory evoked potentials, inElectrodiagnosis in Clinical Neurology, 2nd Ed. (Aminoff M. J, ed.) Churchill Livingstone, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ersen A. and Cracco R. Q. (1983) Overuse of evoked potentials: Caution.Neurology 33, 618–621

    Google Scholar 

  • Ertekin C., Sarica Y., and Uckardesler L. (1984) Somatosensory cerebral potentials evoked by stimulation of the lumbo-sacral spinal cord in normal subjects and in patients with conus medullaris and cauda equina lesions.Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 59, 57–66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman W A and Grundy B. L (1987) Monitoring of sensory evoked potentials is highly relrable and helpful in the operating room.J. Clin Monit. 3, 38–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman W. A., Kaplan B. J, Day A. L., Sypert G. W, and Curran M T (1987) Evoked potential monitoring during aneurysm surgeryobservations after 50 cases.Neurosurgery 20, 678–687.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman W. A., Kaplan B. J, Gravenstein D., and Rhoton A L, Jr. (1985) Intraoperative brain-stein auditory evoked potentials during posterior fossa microvascular decompressionJ Neurosurg. 62, 552–557

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galbraith G C (1984) Latency compensation analysis of the auditory bram-stein evoked responseElectroencephalogr. Clin Neurophysiol. 58, 333–342

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gasser T, Mocks J, Kohler W., and de Weerd J. P C (1986) Performance and measures of performance for estimators of brain potentials using real dataI EEE Trans Biomed. Eng BME-33, 949.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gasser T., Mocks J, and Verleger R. (1983) Selavco: A method to deal with trial-to-trial variability of evoked potentials.Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol 55, 717–723.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gevins A S (1986) Quantitative Aspects of EEG and Evoked Potentials, inElectrodiagnosis in Clinical Neurology, 2nd Ed (Aminoff M J., ed) Churchill Livingstone, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goff G. D., Matsumiya Y., Allison T, and Goff W. R. (1977) The scalp topography of human somatosensory and auditory evoked potentials.Electroencephalogr Clin. Neurophysiol 42, 57–76

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodin D S, Squires K. C., and Starr A (1978) Long latency eventrelated components of the auditory evoked potential in dementia.Brain 101, 635–648

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorga M. P., Worthington D W, Reiland J. K., Beauchaine K. A., and Goldgar D E. (1985) Some comparisons between auditory brain stein response thresholds, latencies, and the pure-tone audiogramEar Hearing 6, 105–112

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg R P and Ducker T B. (1982) Evoked potentials in the clinical neurosciences.J Neurosurg 56, 1–18

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grundy B. L. (1983) Intraoperative monitoring of sensory evoked potentials.Anesthesiology 58, 72–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grundy B L. (1982) Monitoring of sensory evoked potentials during neurosurgical operations: Methods and applicationsNeurosurgery 11, 556–575

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grundy B. L (1985) Evoked Potential Morutoring, inMonitoring in Anesthesza and Crilical Care Medicine (Blitt C D., ed.) Churchill Livingstone, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Grundy B. L. and Friedman W. (1987) Electrophysiological evaluation of the patient with acute spinal cord injury.Crit Care Clin. 3, 519–548.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grundy B. L, Jannetta P J, Procopio P T., Lina A, Boston J, R, and Doyle E (1982) Intraoperative monitoring of brain-stein auditory evoked potentialsJ Neurosurg 57, 674–681

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grundy B. L, Nash C L, and Brown R H (1981a) Arterial pressure manipulation alters spinal cord function during correction of scoliosisAnesfhesrology 54, 249–253.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grundy B L, Heros R. C, Tung A S, and Doyle E. (1981b) Intraoperative hypoxia detected by evoked potential monitoringAnesfh Analg 60, 437–439

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grundy B.L, Lina A, Procopio P. T, and Jannetta P J (1981c) Reversible evoked potential changes with retraction of the eighth cranial nerveAnesth. Analg. 60, 835–838

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hacke W. (1985) Neuromonitoring during interventional neuroradiology.Cent New. Sys Trauma 2, 123–136.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harding G. F A and Rubinstein M P. (1980) The scalp topography of the human visually evoked subcortical potential.Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sei 19, 318–321

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harner S G, Daube J R., and Ebersold M J. (1986) Electrophysiologic monitoring of facial nerve during temporal bone surgery.Laryngoscope 96, 65–69.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillyard S A. and Picton T W (1978) Event Related Brain Potentials and Selective Information Processing, inCognitive Components in Cerebral Event-Related Potentials and Selective Attention Progress in Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 6 (Desmedt J. E., ed.) Karger, Basel

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillyard S A., Picton T W, and Regan D. (1978) Sensation, Perception and Attention Analysis Using ERPs, inEvent-Related Brain Potentials in Man (Callaway E, Tueting P., and Koslow S. H, eds.) Academic, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoke M., Ross B, Wickesberg R., and Lutkenhoner B. (1984) Weighted averaging-theory and application to electric response audiometry.Electroencephalogr. Clin Neurophysiol. 57, 484–489.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones S. J (1977) Short latency potentials recorded from the neck and scalp following median nerve stimulation in man.Electroencephalogr Clin. Neurophysiol 43, 853–863.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan P. E. (1983) Somatosensory evoked responses obtained after stimulation of the pelvic and pudendal nerves.Electromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 23, 99–102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan B. J., Friedman W. A., Alexander J. A., and Hampson S. R. (1986) Somatosensory evoked potential monitoring of spinal cord ischemia during aortic operations.Neurosurgery 19, 82–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan B. J., Gravenstein D., and Friedman W. A. (1984) Intraoperative electrophysiology in treatment of peripheral nerve injuries.J. Florida Med. Assoc. 71, 400–403.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly D. L, Jr., Goldring S., and O’Leary J L. (1965) Averaged evoked somatosensory responses from exposed cortex of man,Arch. Neural. 13, 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kline D. G. and Judice D. J. (1983) Operative management of selected brachial plexus lesions.J Neurosurg. 58, 631–649.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krieger D. and Larimore W. (1986) Automatic enhancement of single evoked potentials.Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 64, 568–572.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landi A., Copeland S. A., Wynn Parry and Jones S. J. (1980) The role of somatosensory evoked potentials and nerve conduction studies in the surgical management of brachial plexus Injuries.J. Bone Joznt Surg. 62B, 492–496.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson S. J., Holst R. A., Hemmy D. E., and Sances A. Jr. (1976) Lateral extracavitary approach to traumatic lesions of the thoracic and lumbar spine.J. Neurosurg. 45, 628–637.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lesser R. P., Koehle R., and Lueders H (1979) Effect of stimulus intensity on short latency somatosensory evoked potentials.Electroencephalogr Clin. Neurophysiol 47, 377–382.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy W. J. (1983) Spinal evoked potentials from the motor tracts.J Neurosurgery 58, 38–44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy W. J. and York D. H. (1983) Evoked potentials from the motor tract in humans.Neurosurgery 12, 422–429.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy W. J., York D. H., McCaffrey M., and Tanzer F. (1984) Motor evoked potentials from transcranial stimulation of the motor cortex in humans.Neurosurgery 15, 287–302.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LuedersH., Gurd A., Hahn J., Andrish J., Weiker G., and Klem G. (1982) A new technique for intraoperatlve monitoring of spinal cord function: Multichannel recording of spinal cord and subcortical evoked potentials.Spine 7, 110–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackey-Hargadine J. R. and Hall J. W., III (1985) Sensory evoked responses in head injury.Cent. Neru. Sys. Trauma 2, 187–206.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCallum J. E. and Bennett M. H. (1975) Electrophysiologic monitoring of spinal cord function during intraspinal surgery.Surg Forum 26, 469–471.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macon J., Poletti C E, Sweet W. H, and Zervas N. T. (1980) Spinal cord conduction velocity measurement during laminectomy.Surg. Forum 31, 453–455

    Google Scholar 

  • Merton P. A., Hill D. K, Morton H. and Marsden C D. (1982) Scope of a technique for electrical stimulation of human brain, spinal cord, and muscleLancet 2, 597–600.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merller A. R. and Jannetta P. J. (1983) Morutoring auditory functions during cranial nerve microvascular decompression operations by direct recording from the eighth nerve.J. Neurosurg. 59, 493–499.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moorthy S. S., Markand O. N, Dilley R. S., McCammon R L., and Warren Jr (1982) Somatosensory-evoked responses during carotid endarterectomy.Anesth. Analg. 61, 879–883.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moser J M. and Aunon J. I. (1986) Classification and detection of single evoked brain potentials using time-frequency amplitude features.I.EE.E Trans Biomed. Eng. BME-33, 1096.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NagelkerkeN. J. D., de Weerd J. P C., and Strackee J, (1983) Some criteria for the estimation of evoked potentials.Biol. Cybern. 48, 27–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash C L. Jr., Long R. A., Schatzinger L. A., and Brown R. H. (1977) Spinal cord monitoring during operative treatment of the spine.Clin. Orthop 126, 100–105

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nordwall A, Axelgaard J., Harada Y., Valencia P., McNeal D. R, and Brown J. C. (1979) Spinal cord monitoring using evoked potentials recorded from feline vertebral bone.Spine 4, 486–494

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peregrin J. and Valach M. (1981) Averaging, selective averaging and latency-corrected averaging.Pflugers. Arch. 391, 154–158.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perot P. L. (1972) The clinical use of somatosensory evoked potentials in spinal cord injury.Clin. Neurosurg. 20, 367–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perot P. L. Jr, (1976) Somatosensory Evoked Potentials in the Evaluation of Patients with Spinal Cord Injury, inCurrent Controversies (Morley T. P., ed.) Saunders, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phelps M. E., Mazziotta J. C., Kuhl D. E., Nuwer M., Packwood J., Metter J, and Engel J. Jr. (1981) Tomographic mapping of human cerebral metabolism: Visual stimulation and deprivation.Neurology 31, 517–529.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Picton T. W. and Hillyard S. A. (1974) Human auditory evoked potentials. II. Effects of attention.Electroencephlogr Clin. Neurophysiol. 36, 191–200

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pratt H. and Starr A. (1981) Mechanically and electrically evoked somatosensory potentials in humans: Scalp and neck distributions of short latency components.Electroencephalogr. Clin Neurophysiol51, 138–147.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reite M., Zimmerman J. T., and Zimmerman J. E. (1982) MEG and EEG auditory responses to tone, click and white noise stimuli.Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 53, 643–651

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowed D. W. (1982) Value of Somatosensory Evoked Potentials for Prognosis in Partial Cord Injuries, inEarly Management of Acute Spinal Cord lnjury (Tator C. H., ed.) Raven, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowed D. W., McLean J A G., and Tator C. H. (1978) Somatosensory evoked potentials in acute spinal cord injury: Prognostic value.Surg. Neurol. 9, 203–210.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekhar L. N. and Moller A. R. (1986) Operative management of tumors involving the cavernous sinusJ. Neurosurg. 64, 879–889.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sgro J. A., Emerson R G., and Pedley T. A. (1985) Real-time reconstruction of evoked potentials using a new two-dimensional filter method.Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 62, 372–380.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SjØntoft E. (1980) A deconvolution procedure for use in extracting information in average evoked response EEG signals.IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engineer BME27, 227–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokol S. (1986) Visual Evoked Potentials, inElectrodiugnosis in Clinical Neurology (Aminoff M. J., ed.) Churchill Livingstone, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stockard J. J., Stockard J. E., and Sharbrough F. W (1986) Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials in Neurology: Methodology, Interpretation, and Clinical Application, inElectrodiagnosis in Clinical Neurology (Ammoff M. J., ed.) Churchill Livingstone, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stockard J. E., Stockard J. J., Westmoreland B F., and Corfits J. L. (1979) Brain stein auditory-evoked responses: Normal variation as a function of stimulus and subject characteristics.Arch. Neurol. 36, 823–831.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stohr P. E and Goldring S. (1969) Origin of somatosensory evoked scalp responses in man.J. Neurosurg 31, 117–127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton S., Tueting P., and Zubin J (1967) Information delivery and the sensory evoked potential.Science 155, 1437–1439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamaki T. (1977) Clinical benefits of ESPSeikagaku 29, 681–689.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhl R R., Squires K. C., Bruce D. L., and Starr A (1980) Effect of halothane anesthesia on the human cortical visual evoked response.Anesthesiology 53, 273–276

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walter D. O. (1969) A posteriori “Wrener filtering” of average evoked responses.Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol (suppl.) 27, 61–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westerkamp J. J. and Aunon J. I. (1987) Optimum multielectrodea posteriorz estimates of single-response evoked potentials. I.E.E.E. Trans.Biomed. Eng. BME-34, 13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiener N. (1949)Extrapolation, lnterpolution and Smoothing of Stationary Time Series, John Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woody C. D. (1967) Characterization of an adaptive filter for the analysis of variable latency neuroelectnc signals.Med. Biol. Eng. 5, 539–553.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolsey C N, Erickson T C, and Gilson W. E(1979) Localization in somatic sensory and motor areas of human cerebral cortex as determined by direct recording of evoked potentials and electrical stimulationJ. Neurosurg 51, 476–506.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • York D. H., Watts C, Raffensberger M, Spagnolia T,and Joyce C. (1983) Utilization of somatosensory evoked cortical potentials in spinal cord injury Prognostic limitations.Spine 8, 832–839.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young W (1982) Correlation of Somatosensory Evoked Potentials and Neurological Findings in Spinal Cord Injury, inEarly Management of Acute Spinal Cord Injury (Tator C. H, ed) Raven, New York

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Florida College of Medicine and Verterans Administration Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida

    Betty L. Grundy

Authors
  1. Betty L. Grundy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Alan A. Boulton Glen B. Baker Donald P. J. Boisvert

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 The Humana Press Inc.

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Grundy, B.L. (1988). Sensory-Evoked Potentials. In: Boulton, A.A., Baker, G.B., Boisvert, D.P.J. (eds) Imaging and Correlative Physicochemical Techniques. Neuromethods, vol 8. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-116-0:375

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-116-0:375

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-116-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-613-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation