Abstract
This article gives an overview of basic computational methods that are commonly used for analyzing small molecule screening data in the chemical genomics field. First, we introduce cheminformatic concepts for analyzing drug-like small molecule structures and their properties. Second, we introduce compound selection approaches for assembling screening libraries using compound property and diversity analyses. Finally, we discuss methods for interpreting screening hits by analyzing compound structures and induced phenotypes using similarity search and clustering approaches. These are critical steps for optimizing screening hits, and relating structure to bioactivity and phenotype.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Oprea TI (2002) Chemical space navigation in lead discovery. Curr Opin Chem Biol 6(3):384–389
Strausberg RL, Schreiber SL (2003) From knowing to controlling: a path from genomics to drugs using small molecule probes. Science 300(5617):294–295
Savchuk NP, Balakin KV, Tkachenko SE (2004) Exploring the chemogenomic knowledge space with annotated chemical libraries. Curr Opin Chem Biol 8(4):412–417
Haggarty SJ (2005) The principle of complementarity: chemical versus biological space. Curr Opin Chem Biol 9(3):296–303
Oprea TI, Tropsha A, Faulon JL, Rintoul MD (2007) Systems chemical biology. Nat Chem Biol 3(8):447–450
Dobson CM (2004) Chemical space and biology. Nature 432(7019):824–828
Hattori M, Okuno YY, Goto S, Kanehisa M (2003) Heuristics for chemical compound matching. Genome Inform 14:144–153
Zhang P, Foerster H, Tissier CP, Mueller L, Paley S, Karp PD, Rhee SY (2005) MetaCyc and AraCyc. Metabolic pathway databases for plant research. Plant Physiol 138(1):27–37
Kanehisa M, Goto S, Hattori M, Aoki-Kinoshita KF, Itoh M, Kawashima S, Katayama T, Araki M, Hirakawa M (2006) From genomics to chemical genomics: new developments in KEGG. Nucleic Acids Res 34(Database issue):354–357
Schreiber SL (1998) Chemical genetics resulting from a passion for synthetic organic chemistry. Bioorg Med Chem 6(8):1127–1152
Olah MM, Bologa CG, Oprea TI (2004) Strategies for compound selection. Curr Drug Discov Technol 1(3):211–220
Li Q, Cheng T, Wang Y, Bryant SH (2010) PubChem as a public resource for drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 15(23–24):1052–1057
Austin CP, Brady LS, Insel TR, Collins FS (2004) NIH molecular libraries initiative. Science 306(5699):1138–1139
PubChem Team (2008) PubChem is a NCBI database that provides information on the biological activities of small molecules. http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Seiler KP, George GA, Happ MP, Bodycombe NE, Carrinski HA, Norton S, Brudz S, Sullivan JP, Muhlich J, Serrano M, Ferraiolo P, Tolliday NJ, Schreiber SL, Clemons PA (2008) ChemBank: a small-molecule screening and cheminformatics resource database. Nucleic Acids Res 36(Database issue):351–359
Ihlenfeldt WD, Voigt JH, Bienfait B, Oellien F, Nicklaus MC (2002) Enhanced CACTVS browser of the open NCI database. J Chem Inf Comput Sci 42(1):46–57
Chen JH, Linstead E, Swamidass SJ, Wang D, Baldi P (2007) ChemDB update-full-text search and virtual chemical space. Bioinformatics 23(17):2348–2351
Irwin JJ, Shoichet BK (2005) ZINC-a free database of commercially available compounds for virtual screening. J Chem Inf Model 45(1):177–182
Liu T, Lin Y, Wen X, Jorissen RN, Gilson MK (2007) BindingDB: a web-accessible database of experimentally determined protein-ligand binding affinities. Nucleic Acids Res 35(4):198–201
Girke T, Cheng LC, Raikhel N (2005) ChemMine. A compound mining database for chemical genomics. Plant Physiol 138(2):573–577
Wang R, Fang X, Lu Y, Wang S (2004) The PDBbind database: collection of binding affinities for protein-ligand complexes with known three-dimensional structures. J Med Chem 47(12):2977–2980
Degtyarenko K, de Matos P, Ennis M, Hastings J, Zbinden M, McNaught A, Alcántara R, Darsow M, Guedj M, Ashburner M (2008) ChEBI: a database and ontology for chemical entities of biological interest. Nucleic Acids Res 36(Database issue):344–350
Block P, Sotriffer CA, Dramburg I, Klebe G (2006) AffinDB: a freely accessible database of affinities for protein-ligand complexes from the PDB. Nucleic Acids Res 34(Database issue):522–526
Kuhn M, von Mering C, Campillos M, Jensen LJ, Bork P (2008) STITCH: interaction networks of chemicals and proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 36(Database issue):684–688
Wishart DS, Knox C, Guo AC, Cheng D, Shrivastava S, Tzur D, Gautam B, Hassanali M (2008) DrugBank: a knowledgebase for drugs, drug actions and drug targets. Nucleic Acids Res 36(Database issue):901–906
Günther S, Kuhn M, Dunkel M, Campillos M, Senger C, Petsalaki E, Ahmed J, Urdiales EG, Gewiess A, Jensen LJ, Schneider R, Skoblo R, Russell RB, Bourne PE, Bork P, Preissner R (2008) SuperTarget and Matador: resources for exploring drug-target relationships. Nucleic Acids Res 36(Database issue):919–922
Goede A, Dunkel M, Mester N, Frommel C, Preissner R (2005) SuperDrug: a conformational drug database. Bioinformatics 21(9):1751–1753
Backman TW, Cao Y, Girke T (2011) Chemmine tools: an online service for analyzing and clustering small molecules. Nucleic Acids Res 39(Web Server issue):486–491
Zhu Q, Lajiness MS, Ding Y, Wild DJ (2010) WENDI: a tool for finding non-obvious relationships between compounds and biological properties, genes, diseases and scholarly publications. J Cheminform 2:6
Walker T, Grulke CM, Pozefsky D, Tropsha A (2010) Chembench: a cheminformatics workbench. Bioinformatics 26(23):3000–3001
Spjuth O, Helmus T, Willighagen EL, Kuhn S, Eklund M, Wagener J, Murray-Rust P, Steinbeck C, Wikberg JE (2007) Bioclipse: an open source workbench for chemo- and bioinformatics. BMC Bioinforma 8:59
Berthold MR, Cebron N, Dill F, Gabriel TR, Kotter T, Meinl T, Ohl P, Sieb C, Thiel K, Wiswedel B (2007) KNIME: the Konstanz information miner. Springer, New York
Cao Y, Charisi A, Cheng LC, Jiang T, Girke T (2008) ChemmineR: a compound mining framework for R. Bioinformatics 24(15):1733–1734
Steinbeck C, Han Y, Kuhn S, Horlacher O, Luttmann E, Willighagen E (2003) The chemistry development kit (cdk): an open-source java library for chemo- and bioinformatics. J Chem Inf Comput Sci 43(2):493–500
Steinbeck C, Hoppe C, Kuhn S, Floris M, Guha R, Willighagen EL (2006) Recent developments of the chemistry development kit (CDK)—an open-source java library for chemo- and bioinformatics. Curr Pharm Des 12(17):2111–2120
Guha R, Howard MT, Hutchison GR, Murray-Rust P, Rzepa H, Steinbeck C, Wegner J, Willighagen EL (2006) The blue obelisk-interoperability in chemical informatics. J Chem Inf Model 46(3):991–998
Sykora VJ, Leahy DE (2008) Chemical Descriptors Library (CDL): a generic, open source software library for chemical informatics. J Chem Inf Model 48:1931–1942
Wegner JK, Fröhlich H, Zell A (2004) Feature selection for descriptor based classification models. 2. Human intestinal absorption (HIA). J Chem Inf Comput Sci 44(3):931–939
Sheridan RP, Kearsley SK (2002) Why do we need so many chemical similarity search methods? Drug Discov Today 7(17):903–911
Chen X, Reynolds CH (2002) Performance of similarity measures in 2D fragment-based similarity searching: comparison of structural descriptors and similarity coefficients. J Chem Inf Comput Sci 42(6):1407–1414
Cheng AC, Coleman RG, Smyth KT, Cao Q, Soulard P, Caffrey DR, Salzberg AC, Huang ES (2007) Structure-based maximal affinity model predicts small-molecule druggability. Nat Biotechnol 25(1):71–75
Lipinski CA, Lombardo F, Dominy BW, Feeney PJ (1997) Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 23(1–3):3–25
Baurin N, Baker R, Richardson C, Chen I, Foloppe N, Potter A, Jordan A, Roughley S, Parratt M, Greaney P, Morley D, Hubbard RE (2004) Drug-like annotation and duplicate analysis of a 23-supplier chemical database totalling 2.7 million compounds. J Chem Inf Comput Sci 44(2):643–651
Tetko IV, Gasteiger J, Todeschini R, Mauri A, Livingstone D, Ertl P, Palyulin VA, Radchenko EV, Zefirov NS, Makarenko AS, Tanchuk VY, Prokopenko VV (2005) Virtual computational chemistry laboratory-design and description. J Comput Aided Mol Des 19(6):453–463
Monge A, Arrault A, Marot C, Morin-Allory L (2006) Managing, profiling and analyzing a library of 2.6 million compounds gathered from 32 chemical providers. Mol Divers 10(3):389–403
Hajduk PJ, Sauer DR (2008) Statistical analysis of the effects of common chemical substituents on ligand potency. J Med Chem 51(3):553–564
Gedeck P, Rohde B, Bartels C (2006) QSAR-how good is it in practice? Comparison of descriptor sets on an unbiased cross section of corporate data sets. J Chem Inf Model 46(5):1924–1936
Sutherland JJ, O’Brien LA, Weaver DF (2004) A comparison of methods for modeling quantitative structure-activity relationships. J Med Chem 47(22):5541–5554
van der Walt C, Barnard E (2006) Data characteristics that determine classifier performance. Proceedings of 16th annual symposium of the pattern recognition association of South Africa, pp 160–165
Ivanciuc O (2007) Applications of support vector machines in chemistry. Rev Comput Chem 23:291
Gentleman R, Carey V, Dudoit S, Irizarry R, Huber W (2005) Bioinformatics and computational biology solutions using R and bioconductor. Springer, New York
Backman TW, Cao Y, Girke T (2011) Chemmine tools: an online service for analyzing and clustering small molecules. Nucleic Acids Res 39:W4386–W491
Verheij HJ (2006) Leadlikeness and structural diversity of synthetic screening libraries. Mol Divers 10(3):377–388
Baell JB, Holloway GA (2010) New substructure filters for removal of pan assay interference compounds (PAINS) from screening libraries and for their exclusion in bioassays. J Med Chem 53(7):2719–2740
Guha R (2007) Chemical Informatics functionality in R. J Stat Softw 18(8):1–16
Landon MR, Schaus SE (2006) JEDA: Joint entropy diversity analysis. An information-theoretic method for choosing diverse and representative subsets from combinatorial libraries. Mol Divers 10(3):333–339
Perez JJ (2005) Managing molecular diversity. Chem Soc Rev 34(2):143–152
Pau G, Fuchs F, Sklyar O, Boutros M, Huber W (2010) EBImage-an R package for image processing with applications to cellular phenotypes. Bioinformatics 26(7):979–981
Wang X, Terfve C, Rose JC, Markowetz F (2011) HTSanalyzeR: an R/Bioconductor package for integrated network analysis of high-throughput screens. Bioinformatics 27(6):879–880
Cao Y, Jiang T, Girke T (2010) Accelerated similarity searching and clustering of large compound sets by geometric embedding and locality sensitive hashing. Bioinformatics 26(7):953–959
Cao Y, Jiang T, Girke T (2008) A maximum common substructure-based algorithm for searching and predicting drug-like compounds. Bioinformatics 24(13):366–374
Acknowledgments
We thank the community software development projects listed in Table 1. We also acknowledge support from the core facilities at the Institute for Integrative Genome Biology (IIGB) at UC Riverside. The authors cheminformatics tools (ChemMine Tools and ChemmineR) were developed with support from the National Science Foundation [grant numbers: ABI-0957099, 2010–0520325 and IGERT-0504249].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media, New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Backman, T.W.H., Girke, T. (2014). Cheminformatic Analysis of High-Throughput Compound Screens. In: Hicks, G., Robert, S. (eds) Plant Chemical Genomics. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1056. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-592-7_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-592-7_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-591-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-592-7
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols