Abstract
Coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopy is a label-free method for chemical imaging, as it offers chemical specificity with orders of magnitude better sensitivity than the state-of-the-art confocal Raman scattering microscopy. Currently CRS technique includes coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). This chapter describes the methods of using CRS microscopy to image major polymers in plant cell wall (i.e., lignin and cellulose). This method can also be used to real-time monitor the chemical processes involved in biomass pretreatment. These together demonstrate CRS as an effective method for imaging complex chemistry in biological systems.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Perlack RD, Wright LL, Turhollow AF, Graham RL, Stokes BJ, Erbach DC (2005) Biomass as feedstock for a bioenergy and bioproducts industry: the technical feasibility of a billion-ton annual supply. DOE/GO-102005-2135, ORNL/TM-2005/66
Ding S-Y, Himmel ME (2006) The maize primary cell wall microfibril: a new model derived from direct visualization. J Agric Food Chem 54:597–606
Chabannes M, Barakate A, Lapierre C, Marita JM, Ralph J, Pean M, Danoun S, Halpin C, Grima-Pettenati J, Boudet AM (2001) Strong decrease in lignin content without significant alteration of plant development is induced by simultaneous down-regulation of cinnamoyl CoA reductase (CCR) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) in tobacco plants. Plant J 28:257–270
Jones L, Ennos AR, Turner SR (2001) Cloning and characterization of irregular xylem4 (irx4): a severely lignin-deficient mutant of Arabidopsis. Plant J 26:205–216
Jamin N, Dumas P, Moncuit J, Fridman W-H, Teillaud J-L, Carr GL, Williams GP (1998) Highly resolved chemical imaging of living cells by using synchrotron infrared microspectrometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:4837–4840
Himmel ME, Ding S-Y, Johnson DK, Adney WS, Nimlos MR, Brady JW, Foust TD (2007) Biomass recalcitrance: engeering plants and enzymes for biofuels production. Science 315:804–807
Foust TD, Ibsen KN, Dayton DC, Hess JR, Kenny KE (2008) In: Himmel ME (ed) Biomass recalcitrance: deconstructing the plant cell wall for bioenergy. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, pp 7–37
Xu L, Jing-Ke W, Clint C (2008) Improvement of biomass through lignin modification. Plant J 54:569–581
Chen F, Dixon RA (2007) Lignin modification improves fermentable sugar yields for biofuel production. Nat Biotechnol 25:759–761
Kumar P, Barrett DM, Delwiche MJ, Stroeve P (2009) Methods for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for efficient hydrolysis and biofuel production. Ind Eng Chem Res 48:3713–3729
Mousdale DM (2008) Biofuels: biotechnology, chemistry, and sustainable development. CRC, Boca Raton, FL
Agarwal UP (2006) Raman imaging to investigate ultrastructure and composition of plant cell walls: distribution of lignin and cellulose in black spruce wood (Picea mariana). Planta 224:1141–1153
Ahlgren PA, Goring DAI (1971) Removal of wood components during chlorite delignification of black spruce. Can J Chem 49:1272–1275
Andresen ER, Nielsen CK, Thøgersen J, Keiding SR (2007) Fiber laser-based light source for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microspectroscopy. Opt Exp 15:4848–4856
Kieu K, Saar BG, Holtom GR, Xie XS, Wise FW (2009) High-power picosecond fiber source for coherent Raman microscopy. Opt Lett 34:2051–2053
Cheng J-X, Xie XS (2004) Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy: instru-mentation, theory, and applications. J Phys Chem B 108:827–840
Cheng J-X, Volkmer A, Book LD, Xie XS (2001) An epi-detected coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (E-CARS) microscope with high spectral resolution and high sensitivity. J Phys Chem B 105:1277–1280
Levenson MD, Kano SS (1988) Introduction to nonlinear laser spectroscopy. Academic, San Diego
Freudiger CW, Min W, Saar BG, Lu S, Holtom GR, He C, Tsai JC, Kang JX, Xie XS (2008) Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated raman scattering microscopy. Science 322:1857–1861
Boudet AM, Lapierre C, Pettenati JG (1995) Tansley review no-80 - biochemistry and molecular-biology of lignification. New Phytol 129:203–236
Gierlinger N, Schwanninger M (2006) Chemical imaging of popolar wood cell walls by confocal Raman microscopy. Plant Physiol 140:1146–1154
Donaldson LA (1994) Mechanical constraints on lignin deposition during lignification. Wood Sci Technol 28:111–118
Viamajala S, Selig M, Vinant T, Tucker M, Himmel ME, McMillan J, Decker S (2006) Catalyst transport in corn stover internodes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 130:509–527
Zeng Y, Saar B, Friedrich M, Chen F, Liu Y-S, Dixon R, Himmel ME, Xie X, Ding S-Y (2010) Imaging lignin-downregulated alfalfa using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. BioEnergy Res 3:272–277
Saar B, Zeng Y, Freudiger C, Liu YS, Himmel ME, Xie X, Ding S-Y (2010) Label-free, real-time monitoring of biomass processing with stimulated raman scattering microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:5476–5479
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the US Department of Energy, the Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research through the BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), a DOE Bioenergy Research Center.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Zeng, Y., Himmel, M.E., Ding, SY. (2012). Coherent Raman Microscopy Analysis of Plant Cell Walls. In: Himmel, M. (eds) Biomass Conversion. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 908. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-956-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-956-3_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-955-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-956-3
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols