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Animal Models of Acute Neurological Injuries II pp 29–46Cite as

Morphological Assessments of Global Cerebral Ischemia: Electron Microscopy

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Abstract

Ischemic stroke in humans often results in acute and delayed neuronal death, as well as a wide range of chronic neurological deficits. In order to understand neuronal loss and neurological deficits after brain ischemia, several animal models have been established, including global and focal ischemic models. Transient cerebral ischemia leads to neuronal death that does not occur immediately, but takes place after 2–3 days of vascular reperfusion, the so-called delayed neuronal death. During this 2–3 days’ delay period, all neurons destined to die appear normal under the light microscope. At the ultrastructural level, however, dramatic dissociation of polyribosomes, protein aggregation, and organelle damage takes place in postischemic neurons undergoing delayed neuronal death. Delayed neuronal death also occurs in the penumbral area after focal ischemia. The delay period provides a window of opportunity for understanding the underlying pathological processes and for developing therapies. This chapter describes the methods of transmission electron microscopy in the context of morphological studies of brain ischemia.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Irina S. Balan, Tibor Kristian, Chunli Liu & Bingren Hu

  2. Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Andrew J. Saladino

Authors
  1. Irina S. Balan
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  2. Tibor Kristian
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  3. Chunli Liu
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  4. Andrew J. Saladino
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  5. Bingren Hu
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bingren Hu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Terrace St. 3500, Pittsburgh, 15213, Pennsylvania, USA

    Jun Chen

  2. School of Medicine, Stark Neurosciences Res. Inst., Indiana University, W. Walnut St. 950, Indianapolis, 46202, Indiana, USA

    Xiao-Ming Xu

  3. School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University, Barnhill Dr. 635, Indianapolis, 46202, Indiana, USA

    Zao C. Xu

  4. School of Medicine, Dept. Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Anderson St. 11234, Loma Linda, 92354, California, USA

    John H. Zhang

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Balan, I.S., Kristian, T., Liu, C., Saladino, A.J., Hu, B. (2012). Morphological Assessments of Global Cerebral Ischemia: Electron Microscopy. In: Chen, J., Xu, XM., Xu, Z., Zhang, J. (eds) Animal Models of Acute Neurological Injuries II. Springer Protocols Handbooks. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-782-8_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-782-8_4

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  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-781-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-782-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

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