Skip to main content

Profiling Primary Metabolites of Tomato Fruit with Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Plant Metabolomics

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 860))

Abstract

Metabolite profiling is a rapidly expanding technology which aims to quantify the entire metabolome of biological samples. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is one of the most widely used analytical tools for profiling highly complex mixtures of primary metabolites, such as organic and amino acids, sugars, sugars alcohols, phosphorylated intermediates, and lipophilic compounds. This chapter summarizes all of the preparatory steps for metabolite profiling of polar compounds by GC-MS in tomato fruit, from the sampling of plant material to the derivatization procedures required to render the metabolites volatile.

Sonia Osorio and Phuc Thi Do contributed equally to this work.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Oliver, S.G., Winson, M.K., Kell, D.B., Baganz, F. (1998) Systematic functional analysis of the yeast genome. Trends Biotechnol 16, 373–378.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Tweeddale, H., Notley-McRobb, L., Ferenci, T. (1998) Effect of slow growth on metabolism of Escherichia coli, as revealed by global metabolite pool (“metabolome”) analysis J. Bacteriol. 180, 5109–5116.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Fiehn, O., Kopka, J., Dörmann, P., Altman, T., Trethewey, R.N., Willmitzer, L. (2000) Metabolite profiling for plant functional genomics. Nature Biotech. 18, 1157–1161.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Roessner, U., Luedemann, A., Brust, D., Fiehn, O., Linke, T., Willmizer, L., Fernie, A.R. (2001) Metabolic profiling allows comprehensive phenotyping of genetically or environmentally modified plant systems. Plant Cell 13, 11–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Roessner-Tunali, U., Hegemann, B., Lytovchenko, A., Carrari, F., Bruedigam, C., Granot, D., Fernie, A.R. (2003) Metabolic profiling of transgenic tomato plants overexpression hexokinase reveals that the influence of hexose phosphorylation diminishes during fruit development. Plant Physiol. 133, 84–99.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Weckwerth, W. (2003) Metabolomics in systems biology. Ann. Rev.Plant Biol. 54, 669–689.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kopka, J., Fernie, A., Weckwerth, W., Gibon, Y., Stitt, M. (2004) Metabolite profiling in plant biology: platforms and destinations. Genome Biol. 5, 109.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Schauer, N., Semel, Y., Roessner, U., Gur, A., Balbo, I., Carrari, F., Pleban, T., Perez-Melis, A., Bruedigam, C., Kopka, J., Willmitzer, L., Zamir, D., Fernie, A.R. (2006) Comprehensive metabolic profiling and phenotyping of interspecific introgression lines for tomato improvement. Nat. Biotech. 24, 447–454.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Fiehn, O. (2008) Extending the breadth of metabolite profiling by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Trends Anal. Chem. 27, 261–269.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Schauer, N., Fernie, A.R. (2006) Plant metabolomics: towards biological function and mechanism. Trends Plant Sci. 11, 508516.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Guy, C., Kopka, J., Moritz, T. (2008) Plant metabolomics coming of age. Physiol. Plantarum 132, 113116.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Lisec, J., Schauer, N., Kopka, J., Willmitzer, L., Fernie, A.R. (2006) Gas chromatography mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling in plants. Nature Protocols 1, 387–396.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bligh, E.G., Dyer, W.J. (1959) A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 31, 911–917.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Katona, Z.F., Sass, P., Molnar-Perl, I. (1999) Simultaneous determination of sugars, sugar alcohols, acids and amino acids in apricots by gas chromatography-mass spectromety. J. Chromatogr. A 847, 91–102.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Gullberg, J., Jonsson, P., Nordstrom, A., Sjostrom, M., Moritz, T. (2004) Design of experiments: an efficient strategy to identify factors influencing extraction and derivatization of Arabidopsis thaliana samples in metabolomic studies with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal. Biochem. 331, 283–295.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Erban, A., Schauer, N., Fernie, A.R., Kopka, J. (2007) Nonsupervised construction and application of mass spectral and retention time index libraries from time-of-flight gas chromatography–mass spectrometry metabolite profiles, in Metabolomics (Weckwerth, W, ed.), Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp. 19–38.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Recent work in our laboratory on tomato metabolite profiling has been supported by The European Union grant FOOD-CT-2006-036296 “DEVELONUTRI”.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alisdair R. Fernie .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Osorio, S., Do, P.T., Fernie, A.R. (2011). Profiling Primary Metabolites of Tomato Fruit with Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. In: Hardy, N., Hall, R. (eds) Plant Metabolomics. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 860. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-594-7_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-594-7_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-593-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-594-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics