Abstract
This chapter describes several methods suitable for mechanically stimulating monolayers of bone cells by fluid shear stress (FSS) in vitro. Fluid flow is generated by pumping culture medium through two parallel plates, one of which contains a monolayer of cells. Methods for measuring nitric oxide production by bone cells in response to FSS are also described.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Piekarski, K., and Munro, M. (1977) Transport mechanism operating between blood supply and osteocytes in long bones. Nature. 269, 80–82.
Cowin, S. C., and Weinbaum, S. (1998) Strain amplification in the bone mechanosensory system. Am. J. Med. Sci. 316, 184–188.
Klein-Nulend, J., van der Plas, A., Semeins, C.M., Ajubi, N. E., Frangos, J. A., Nijweide, P. J., and Burger, E. H. (1995) Sensitivity of osteocytes to biomechanical stress in vitro. FASEB J. 9, 441–445.
Klein-Nulend, J., Roelofsen, J., Sterck, J. G., Semeins, C. M., and Burger, E. H. (1995) Mechanical loading stimulates the release of transforming growth factor-beta activity by cultured mouse calvariae and periosteal cells. J. Cell Physiol. 163, 115–119.
Turner, C. H., Forwood, M. R., and Otter, M. W. (1994) Mechanotransduction in bone: do bone cells act as sensors of fluid flow? FASEB J. 8, 875–878.
Knothe Tate, M. L., Knothe, U., and Niederer, P. (1998) Experimental elucidation of mechanical load-induced fluid flow and its potential role in bone metabolism and functional adaptation. Am. J. Med. Sci. 316, 189–195.
Knothe Tate, M. L., Steck, R., Forwood, M. R., and Niederer, P. (2000) In vivo demonstration of load-induced fluid flow in the rat tibia and its potential implications for processes associated with functional adaptation. J. Exp. Biol. 203, 2737–2745.
Jacobs, C. R., Yellowley, C. E., Davis, B. R., Zhou, Z., Cimbala, J. M., and Donahue, H. J. (1998) Differential effect of steady versus oscillating flow on bone cells. J. Biomech. 31, 969–976.
Turner, C. H., Owan, I., and Takano, Y. (1995) Mechanotransduction in bone: role of strain rate. Am. J. Physiol. 269, E438–442.
Weinbaum, S., Guo, P., and You, L. (2001) A new view of mechanotransduction and strain amplification in cells with microvilli and cell processes. Biorheology. 38, 119–142.
Han, Y., Cowin, S. C., Schaffler, M. B., and Weinbaum, S. (2004) Mechanotransduction and strain amplification in osteocyte cell processes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 16689–16694.
Weinbaum, S., Cowin, S. C., and Zeng, Y. (1994) A model for the excitation of osteocytes by mechanical loading-induced bone fluid shear stresses. J. Biomech. 27, 339–360.
You, L. D., Weinbaum, S., Cowin, S. C., and Schaffler, M. B. (2004) Ultrastructure of the osteocyte process and its pericellular matrix. Anat Rec. A. Discov. Mol. Cell Evol. Biol. 278, 505–513.
Wang, Y., McNamara, L.M., Schaffler, M. B., and Weinbaum, S. (2007) A model for the role of integrins in flow induced mechanotransduction in osteocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 15941–15946.
Bonewald, L. F. (2007) Osteocytes as dynamic multifunctional cells. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 1116, 281–290.
Anderson, E. J., Kaliyamoorthy, S., Iwan, J., Alexander, D., and Knothe Tate, M. L. (2005) Nano-microscale models of periosteocytic flow show differences in stresses imparted to cell body and processes. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 33, 52–62.
Whitfield, J. F. (2003) Primary cilium--is it an osteocyte’s strain-sensing flowmeter? J. Cell Biochem. 89, 233–237.
Xiao, Z., Zhang, S., Mahlios, J., Zhou, G., Magenheimer, B. S., Guo, D., Dallas, S. L., Maser, R., Calvet, J. P., Bonewald, L., and Quarles, L. D. (2006) Cilia-like structures and polycystin-1 in osteoblasts/osteocytes and associated abnormalities in skeletogenesis and Runx2 expression. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 30884–30895.
McGarry, J. G., Klein-Nulend, J., Mullender, M. G., and Prendergast, P. J. (2005) A comparison of strain and fluid shear stress in stimulating bone cell responses--a computational and experimental study. FASEB. J. 19, 482–484.
Hung, C. T., Allen, F. D., Pollack, S. R., and Brighton, C. T. (1996) Intracellular Ca2+ stores and extracellular Ca2+ are required in the real-time Ca2+ response of bone cells experiencing fluid flow. J. Biomech. 29, 1411–1417.
Hung, C. T., Pollack, S. R., Reilly, T. M., and Brighton, C. T. (1995) Real-time calcium response of cultured bone cells to fluid flow. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 256–269.
Ajubi, N. E., Klein-Nulend, J., Alblas, M. J., Burger, E. H., and Nijweide, P. J. (1999) Signal transduction pathways involved in fluid flow-induced PGE2 production by cultured osteocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 276, E171–178.
Kulkarni, R. N., Bakker, A. D., Everts, V., and Klein-Nulend, J. (2010) Inhibition of Osteoclastogenesis by Mechanically Loaded Osteocytes: Involvement of MEPE. Calcif. Tissue Int. 87, 461–8.
Vatsa, A., Mizuno, D., Smit, T.H., Schmidt, C.F., MacKintosh, F.C., and Klein-Nulend, J. (2006) Bio imaging of intracellular NO production in single bone cells after mechanical stimulation. J. Bone Miner. Res. 21, 1722–1728.
Bacabac, R.G., Smit, T.H., Cowin, S.C., Van Loon, J.J., Nieuwstadt, F.T., Heethaar, R., and Klein-Nulend, J. (2005) Dynamic shear stress in parallel-plate flow chambers. J. Biomech. 38, 159–167.
Frangos, J.A., McIntire, L.V., and Eskin, S.G. (1988) Shear stress induced stimulation of mammalian cell metabolism. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 32, 1053–1060.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Huesa, C., Bakker, A.D. (2012). Mechanical Stimulation of Bone Cells Using Fluid Flow. In: Helfrich, M., Ralston, S. (eds) Bone Research Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 816. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-415-5_36
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-415-5_36
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-414-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-415-5
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols