Abstract
During malignant transformation, cells can increase their ploidy and hence become polyploid (mostly tetraploid). Frequently, however, tetraploid cells undergo asymmetric divisions, in turn entailing a reduction in ploidy and the acquisition of a pseudo-diploid, aneuploid state. To investigate such a stepwise aneuploidization process, we developed a cytofluorometric method (based on the heterogeneity in cell size and/or chromatin content) that allows for the cloning and subsequent functional analysis of cells with distinct ploidies. Here, we detail this methodology, which has been instrumental for investigating the functional link between ploidy status and oncogenesis.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Heselmeyer, K., Schrock, E., du Manoir, S., Blegen, H., Shah, K., Steinbeck, R., Auer, G., and Ried, T. (1996) Gain of chromosome 3q defines the transition from severe dysplasia to invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93, 479–484.
Maley, C. C., Galipeau, P. C., Li, X., Sanchez, C. A., Paulson, T. G., Blount, P. L., and Reid, B. J. (2004) The combination of genetic instability and clonal expansion predicts progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 64, 7629–7633.
Fujiwara, T., Bandi, M., Nitta, M., Ivanova, E. V., Bronson, R. T., and Pellman, D. (2005) Cytokinesis failure generating tetraploids promotes tumorigenesis in p53-null cells. Nature 437, 1043–1047.
Margolis, R. L. (2005) Tetraploidy and tumor development. Cancer Cell 8, 353–354.
Storchova, Z., and Pellman, D. (2004) From polyploidy to aneuploidy, genome instability and cancer. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5, 45–54.
Andreassen, P. R., Lohez, O. D., Lacroix, F. B., and Margolis, R. L. (2001) Tetraploid state induces p53-dependent arrest of nontransformed mammalian cells in G1. Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 1315–1328.
Castedo, M., Coquelle, A., Vitale, I., Vivet, S., Mouhamad, S., Viaud, S., Zitvogel, L., and Kroemer, G. (2006) Selective resistance of tetraploid cancer cells against DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 1090, 35–49.
Castedo, M., Coquelle, A., Vivet, S., Vitale, I., Kauffmann, A., Dessen, P., Pequignot, M. O., Casares, N., Valent, A., Mouhamad, S., Schmitt, E., Modjtahedi, N., Vainchenker, W., Zitvogel, L., Lazar, V., Garrido, C., and Kroemer, G. (2006) Apoptosis regulation in tetraploid cancer cells. EMBO J. 25, 2584–2595.
Cross, S. M., Sanchez, C. A., Morgan, C. A., Schimke, M. K., Ramel, S., Idzerda, R. L., Raskind, W. H., and Reid, B. J. (1995) A p53-dependent mouse spindle checkpoint. Science 267, 1353–1356.
Senovilla, L., Vitale, I., Galluzzi, L., Vivet, S., Joza, N., Younes, A. B., Rello-Varona, S., Castedo, M., and Kroemer, G. (2009) p53 represses the polyploidization of primary mammary epithelial cells by activating apoptosis. Cell Cycle 8, 1380–1385.
Vitale, I., Senovilla, L., Jemaà, M., Michaud, M., Galluzzi, L., Kepp, O., Nanty, L., Criollo, A., Rello-Varona, S., Manic, G., Métivier, D., Vivet, S., Tajeddine, N., Valent, A., Castedo, M., and Kroemer, G. (2010) Multipolar mitosis of tetraploid cells: inhibition by p53 and dependency on Mos. EMBO J. 29, 1272–1284.
Rello-Varona, S., Vitale, I., Kepp, O., Senovilla, L., Jemaa, M., Metivier, D., Castedo, M., and Kroemer, G. (2009) Preferential killing of tetraploid tumor cells by targeting the mitotic kinesin Eg5. Cell Cycle 8, 1030–1035.
Vitale, I., Galluzzi, L., Vivet, S., Nanty, L., Dessen, P., Senovilla, L., Olaussen, K. A., Lazar, V., Prudhomme, M., Golsteyn, R. M., Castedo, M., and Kroemer, G. (2007) Inhibition of Chk1 kills tetraploid tumor cells through a p53-dependent pathway. PLoS One 2, e1337.
Vitale, I., Senovilla, L., Galluzzi, L., Criollo, A., Vivet, S., Castedo, M., and Kroemer, G. (2008) Chk1 inhibition activates p53 through p38 MAPK in tetraploid cancer cells. Cell Cycle 7, 1956–1961.
Cariello, N. F., Keohavong, P., Sanderson, B. J., and Thilly, W. G. (1988) DNA damage produced by ethidium bromide staining and exposure to ultraviolet light. Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 4157.
Zhang, X., and Kiechle, F. (2001) Hoechst 33342-induced apoptosis is associated with decreased immunoreactive topoisomerase I and topoisomerase I-DNA complex formation. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 31, 187–198.
Mouhamad, S., Galluzzi, L., Zermati, Y., Castedo, M., and Kroemer, G. (2007) Apaf-1 deficiency causes chromosomal instability. Cell Cycle 6, 3103–3107.
Zermati, Y., Mouhamad, S., Stergiou, L., Besse, B., Galluzzi, L., Boehrer, S., Pauleau, A. L., Rosselli, F., D’Amelio, M., Amendola, R., Castedo, M., Hengartner, M., Soria, J. C., Cecconi, F., and Kroemer, G. (2007) Nonapoptotic role for Apaf-1 in the DNA damage checkpoint. Mol. Cell 28, 624–637.
Acknowledgments
GK is supported by the Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer (Equipe labellisée), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), Cancéropôle Ile-de-France, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM), Institut National du Cancer (INCa), European Commission (Active p53, Apo-Sys, RIGHT, TransDeath, ChemoRes, ApopTrain), and Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale. MC is funded by the Association pour la recherche sur le cancer (ARC). LG, IV, and LS are supported by Apo-Sys, La Ligue contre le Cancer and FRM, respectively.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Castedo, M. et al. (2011). Cytofluorometric Purification of Diploid and Tetraploid Cancer Cells. In: Banfalvi, G. (eds) Cell Cycle Synchronization. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 761. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-182-6_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-182-6_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-181-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-182-6
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols